Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat
Knowledge of the potential distribution (i.e. abundance and spatial extent) of an invasive species is important to estimating its potential impacts on recipient communities. Most previous studies have focused on the potential spatial extent of invasive species populations at regional scales, but lit...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2016
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766232/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064481 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2832-z |
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author | Drouin, Annick McKindsey, Christopher W. Johnson, Ladd E. |
author_facet | Drouin, Annick McKindsey, Christopher W. Johnson, Ladd E. |
author_sort | Drouin, Annick |
collection | PubMed |
description | Knowledge of the potential distribution (i.e. abundance and spatial extent) of an invasive species is important to estimating its potential impacts on recipient communities. Most previous studies have focused on the potential spatial extent of invasive species populations at regional scales, but little is known on how species successfully recruit and establish at more local scales. In this study, we examined how recruitment of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. fragile (hereafter Codium) can vary spatially and the environmental factors associated with Codium establishment in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. Standardized recruitment blocks (65 blocks in a 720 × 240 m(2) grid) were used to monitor the number of Codium recruits, juveniles and adults over 2 years. Environmental factors (depth, relative water flow, light and temperature) and attributes of the surrounding macrophyte assemblage (eelgrass density, eelgrass length, Codium biomass) were also measured. Recruitment occurred on all blocks or nearby artificial structures (i.e. buoys) and mainly originated from button stages (i.e. female gametes or utricles). Contrary to other studies, the abundance of Codium (recruits, juveniles and adults) was best predicted by the density of the native canopy-forming species, Z. marina, which highlights a positive interaction between native and non-native canopy-forming species. Seasonal variation in recruitment was observed; it was lower during the summer. Recruitment did not show any distinct spatial pattern (e.g. gradient or patch), but the same spatial pattern of recruitment was observed every sampling date, suggesting that there are “hotspots” for recruitment. In general, the total number of Codium fronds observed on a block at the end of the experiment was positively correlated with the cumulative number of recruits. However, recruitment occurred on some blocks but recruits never grew, suggesting that some environmental factors limit Codium distribution and abundance in eelgrass beds. Overall, the assessment of Codium recruitment over 2 years showed that the colonization of suitable locations by Codium within seagrass beds may take several years and that some factors may not only limit, but also inhibit Codium expansion within eelgrass beds. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4766232 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-47662322016-04-06 Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat Drouin, Annick McKindsey, Christopher W. Johnson, Ladd E. Mar Biol Invasive Species - Original paper Knowledge of the potential distribution (i.e. abundance and spatial extent) of an invasive species is important to estimating its potential impacts on recipient communities. Most previous studies have focused on the potential spatial extent of invasive species populations at regional scales, but little is known on how species successfully recruit and establish at more local scales. In this study, we examined how recruitment of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. fragile (hereafter Codium) can vary spatially and the environmental factors associated with Codium establishment in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. Standardized recruitment blocks (65 blocks in a 720 × 240 m(2) grid) were used to monitor the number of Codium recruits, juveniles and adults over 2 years. Environmental factors (depth, relative water flow, light and temperature) and attributes of the surrounding macrophyte assemblage (eelgrass density, eelgrass length, Codium biomass) were also measured. Recruitment occurred on all blocks or nearby artificial structures (i.e. buoys) and mainly originated from button stages (i.e. female gametes or utricles). Contrary to other studies, the abundance of Codium (recruits, juveniles and adults) was best predicted by the density of the native canopy-forming species, Z. marina, which highlights a positive interaction between native and non-native canopy-forming species. Seasonal variation in recruitment was observed; it was lower during the summer. Recruitment did not show any distinct spatial pattern (e.g. gradient or patch), but the same spatial pattern of recruitment was observed every sampling date, suggesting that there are “hotspots” for recruitment. In general, the total number of Codium fronds observed on a block at the end of the experiment was positively correlated with the cumulative number of recruits. However, recruitment occurred on some blocks but recruits never grew, suggesting that some environmental factors limit Codium distribution and abundance in eelgrass beds. Overall, the assessment of Codium recruitment over 2 years showed that the colonization of suitable locations by Codium within seagrass beds may take several years and that some factors may not only limit, but also inhibit Codium expansion within eelgrass beds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2016-02-24 2016 /pmc/articles/PMC4766232/ /pubmed/27064481 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2832-z Text en © The Author(s) 2016 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
spellingShingle | Invasive Species - Original paper Drouin, Annick McKindsey, Christopher W. Johnson, Ladd E. Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat |
title | Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat |
title_full | Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat |
title_fullStr | Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat |
title_full_unstemmed | Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat |
title_short | Dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat |
title_sort | dynamics of recruitment and establishment of the invasive seaweed codium fragile within an eelgrass habitat |
topic | Invasive Species - Original paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766232/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064481 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2832-z |
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