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2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size

Variation in cerebral cortex size and complexity is thought to contribute to differences in cognitive ability between humans and other animals. Here we compare cortical progenitor cell output in humans and three nonhuman primates using directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in adh...

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Autores principales: Otani, Tomoki, Marchetto, Maria C., Gage, Fred H., Simons, Benjamin D., Livesey, Frederick J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Cell Press 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4826446/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049876
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.003
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author Otani, Tomoki
Marchetto, Maria C.
Gage, Fred H.
Simons, Benjamin D.
Livesey, Frederick J.
author_facet Otani, Tomoki
Marchetto, Maria C.
Gage, Fred H.
Simons, Benjamin D.
Livesey, Frederick J.
author_sort Otani, Tomoki
collection PubMed
description Variation in cerebral cortex size and complexity is thought to contribute to differences in cognitive ability between humans and other animals. Here we compare cortical progenitor cell output in humans and three nonhuman primates using directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in adherent two-dimensional (2D) and organoid three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Clonal lineage analysis showed that primate cortical progenitors proliferate for a protracted period of time, during which they generate early-born neurons, in contrast to rodents, where this expansion phase largely ceases before neurogenesis begins. The extent of this additional cortical progenitor expansion differs among primates, leading to differences in the number of neurons generated by each progenitor cell. We found that this mechanism for controlling cortical size is regulated cell autonomously in culture, suggesting that primate cerebral cortex size is regulated at least in part at the level of individual cortical progenitor cell clonal output.
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spelling pubmed-48264462016-04-20 2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size Otani, Tomoki Marchetto, Maria C. Gage, Fred H. Simons, Benjamin D. Livesey, Frederick J. Cell Stem Cell Article Variation in cerebral cortex size and complexity is thought to contribute to differences in cognitive ability between humans and other animals. Here we compare cortical progenitor cell output in humans and three nonhuman primates using directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in adherent two-dimensional (2D) and organoid three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Clonal lineage analysis showed that primate cortical progenitors proliferate for a protracted period of time, during which they generate early-born neurons, in contrast to rodents, where this expansion phase largely ceases before neurogenesis begins. The extent of this additional cortical progenitor expansion differs among primates, leading to differences in the number of neurons generated by each progenitor cell. We found that this mechanism for controlling cortical size is regulated cell autonomously in culture, suggesting that primate cerebral cortex size is regulated at least in part at the level of individual cortical progenitor cell clonal output. Cell Press 2016-04-07 /pmc/articles/PMC4826446/ /pubmed/27049876 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.003 Text en © 2016 The Authors http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Otani, Tomoki
Marchetto, Maria C.
Gage, Fred H.
Simons, Benjamin D.
Livesey, Frederick J.
2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size
title 2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size
title_full 2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size
title_fullStr 2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size
title_full_unstemmed 2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size
title_short 2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size
title_sort 2d and 3d stem cell models of primate cortical development identify species-specific differences in progenitor behavior contributing to brain size
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4826446/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049876
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.003
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