Myristoylated Alanine‐Rich Protein Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) Regulates Small GTPase Rac1 and Cdc42 Activity and Is a Critical Mediator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration in Intimal Hyperplasia Formation

BACKGROUND: Transcription of the myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is upregulated in animal models of intimal hyperplasia. MARCKS knockdown inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration in vitro; however, the mechanism is as yet unknown. We sought to elucidate the mechanism of MARCKS‐mediated motility and determine whether MARCKS knockdown reduces intimal hyperplasia formation in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: MARCKS knockdown blocked platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐induced translocation of cortactin to the cell cortex, impaired both lamellipodia and filopodia formation, and attenuated motility of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). Activation of the small GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42, was prevented by MARCKS knockdown. Phosphorylation of MARCKS resulted in a transient shift of MARCKS from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. MARCKS knockdown significantly decreased membrane‐associated phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP (2)) levels. Cotransfection with an intact, unphosphorylated MARCKS, which has a high binding affinity for PIP (2), restored membrane‐associated PIP (2) levels and was indispensable for activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 and, ultimately, VSMC migration. Overexpression of MARCKS in differentiated VSMCs increased membrane PIP (2) abundance, Rac1 and Cdc42 activity, and cell motility. MARCKS protein was upregulated early in the development of intimal hyperplasia in the murine carotid ligation model. Decreased MARKCS expression, but not total knockdown, attenuated intimal hyperplasia formation. CONCLUSIONS: MARCKS upregulation increases VSMC motility by activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. These effects are mediated by MARCKS sequestering PIP (2) at the plasma membrane. This study delineates a novel mechanism for MARCKS‐mediated VSMC migration and supports the rational for MARCKS knockdown to prevent intimal hyperplasia.