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Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance
The present study is the first to investigate the benefits of episodic future thinking (EFT) at encoding on prospective memory (PM) in preschool (age: M = 66.34 months, SD = 3.28) and primary school children (age: M = 88.36 months, SD = 3.12). A second aim was to examine if self-projection influence...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2016
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927109/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27355645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158366 |
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author | Kretschmer-Trendowicz, Anett Ellis, Judith A. Altgassen, Mareike |
author_facet | Kretschmer-Trendowicz, Anett Ellis, Judith A. Altgassen, Mareike |
author_sort | Kretschmer-Trendowicz, Anett |
collection | PubMed |
description | The present study is the first to investigate the benefits of episodic future thinking (EFT) at encoding on prospective memory (PM) in preschool (age: M = 66.34 months, SD = 3.28) and primary school children (age: M = 88.36 months, SD = 3.12). A second aim was to examine if self-projection influences the possible effects of EFT instructions. PM was assessed using a standard PM paradigm in children with a picture-naming task as the ongoing activity in which the PM task was embedded. Further, two first- and two second-order ToM tasks were administered as indicator of children’s self-projection abilities. Forty-one preschoolers and 39 school-aged children were recruited. Half of the participants in each age group were instructed to use EFT as a strategy to encode the PM task, while the others received standard PM instructions. Results revealed a significant age effect, with school-aged children significantly outperforming preschoolers and a significant effect of encoding condition with overall better performance when receiving EFT instructions compared to the standard encoding condition. Even though the interaction between age group and encoding condition was not significant, planned comparisons revealed first evidence that compared to the younger age group, older children’s PM benefitted more from EFT instructions during intention encoding. Moreover, results showed that although self-projection had a significant impact on PM performance, it did not influence the effects of EFT instructions. Overall, results indicate that children can use EFT encoding strategies to improve their PM performance once EFT abilities are sufficiently developed. Further, they provide first evidence that in addition to executive functions, which have already been shown to influence the development of PM across childhood, self-projection seems to be another key mechanism underlying this development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4927109 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2016 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-49271092016-07-18 Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance Kretschmer-Trendowicz, Anett Ellis, Judith A. Altgassen, Mareike PLoS One Research Article The present study is the first to investigate the benefits of episodic future thinking (EFT) at encoding on prospective memory (PM) in preschool (age: M = 66.34 months, SD = 3.28) and primary school children (age: M = 88.36 months, SD = 3.12). A second aim was to examine if self-projection influences the possible effects of EFT instructions. PM was assessed using a standard PM paradigm in children with a picture-naming task as the ongoing activity in which the PM task was embedded. Further, two first- and two second-order ToM tasks were administered as indicator of children’s self-projection abilities. Forty-one preschoolers and 39 school-aged children were recruited. Half of the participants in each age group were instructed to use EFT as a strategy to encode the PM task, while the others received standard PM instructions. Results revealed a significant age effect, with school-aged children significantly outperforming preschoolers and a significant effect of encoding condition with overall better performance when receiving EFT instructions compared to the standard encoding condition. Even though the interaction between age group and encoding condition was not significant, planned comparisons revealed first evidence that compared to the younger age group, older children’s PM benefitted more from EFT instructions during intention encoding. Moreover, results showed that although self-projection had a significant impact on PM performance, it did not influence the effects of EFT instructions. Overall, results indicate that children can use EFT encoding strategies to improve their PM performance once EFT abilities are sufficiently developed. Further, they provide first evidence that in addition to executive functions, which have already been shown to influence the development of PM across childhood, self-projection seems to be another key mechanism underlying this development. Public Library of Science 2016-06-29 /pmc/articles/PMC4927109/ /pubmed/27355645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158366 Text en © 2016 Kretschmer-Trendowicz et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Kretschmer-Trendowicz, Anett Ellis, Judith A. Altgassen, Mareike Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance |
title | Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance |
title_full | Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance |
title_fullStr | Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance |
title_short | Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children’s Prospective Memory Performance |
title_sort | effects of episodic future thinking and self-projection on children’s prospective memory performance |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927109/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27355645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158366 |
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