Dexmedetomidine Protects Rat Liver against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Partly by the α(2A)-Adrenoceptor Subtype and the Mechanism Is Associated with the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) protects the liver against IR injury via α(2)-adrenoceptor activation, but the contribution of TLR4 signaling remains unknown. The authors aimed to examine whether pretreatment with Dex produces hepatic protection and investigate the influence of Dex on TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Dex was given via intraperitoneal injection 30 min prior to orthotopic autologous liver transplantation (OALT) in rats, and three α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists including atipamezole (a nonselective α(2) receptor blocker), ARC-239 (a specific α(2B/C) blocker) and BRL-44408 (a specific α(2A) blocker) were injected intraperitoneally 10 min before Dex administration. Histopathologic evaluation of the liver and the measurement of serum alanine aminotransferase activity, TLR4/NF-κB expression in the liver, and pro-inflammatory factors (serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and hepatic myeloperoxidase) concentrations were performed 8 h after OALT. Dex ameliorated liver injury after OALT probably by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and decreasing inflammatory mediator levels. The protective effects of Dex were reversed by atipamezole and BRL-44408, but not by ARC-239, suggesting that these effects were mediated in part by the α(2A) subtype. In conclusion, Dex attenuates liver injury partly via the α(2A)-adrenoceptor subtype, and the mechanism is due to the suppression of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.