The effect of intra-articular botulinum toxin A on substance P, prostaglandin E(2), and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the canine osteoarthritic joint

BACKGROUND: Recently, intra-articular botulinum toxin A (IA BoNT A) has been shown to reduce joint pain in osteoarthritic dogs. Similar results have been reported in human patients with arthritis. However, the mechanism of the antinociceptive action of IA BoNT A is currently not known. The aim of th...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Heikkilä, Helka M., Hielm-Björkman, Anna K., Innes, John F., Laitinen-Vapaavuori, Outi M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2017
Materias:
Research Article
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5359943/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28327134
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-0990-y

Internet

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5359943/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28327134
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-0990-y

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