mTORC1 regulates mannose-6-phosphate receptor transport and T-cell vulnerability to regulatory T cells by controlling kinesin KIF13A

Mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) that facilitates cellular uptake of M6P-bearing proteins, including serine-protease granzyme-B (Gzm-B) has an important role in T-cell activation, migration and contraction. However, molecular mechanisms controlling M6PR expression in T cells remain poorly understood. Here, we show that M6PR expression on T cells is distinctively controlled by two common γ-chain cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7, and the differential M6PR expression is not caused by an altered synthesis of M6PR protein, but is a result of distinct regulation of kinesin-3 motor-protein KIF13A that transport M6PR onto cell surfaces. Using signaling pathway-specific inhibitors, we determine that IL-2 and IL-7 distinctly regulate KIF13A and β1-adaptin and cell-surface M6PR by controlling a kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1). Inflammatory cytokine IL-2 and prosurvival cytokine IL-7 induce strong and weak activation of mTORC1, leading to up- and downregulation of motor-protein KIF13A and KIF13A-motorized M6PR on T cells, and formation of IL-2 and IL-7 effectors with M6PR(high) and M6PR(low) cell-surface expression, respectively. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin reduces T-cell expression of KIF13A and cell-surface M6PR, and increases T-cell survival in Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. Using regulatory T (T(reg))-cell-enriched mouse tumor model, we determine that M6PR(high) IL-2 effectors but not M6PR(low) IL-7 effectors adoptively transferred into tumors are vulnerable to T(reg) Gzm-B-mediated cell apoptosis. Inhibition of mTORC1 or small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KIF13A or M6PR renders IL-2 effectors refractory to T(reg) Gzm-B lethal hit. Overall, our data offer novel mechanistic insights into T-cell M6PR regulation, and T(reg)-resistant/T(reg)-susceptible phenomenon. Furthermore, regulation of T-cell fate vis-à-vis T(reg) suppression via the mTORC1-KIF13A-M6PR axis provides a proof of concept for therapeutic strategies to target cancer, infectious and autoimmune diseases.