Nanometre-scale 3D defects in Cr(2)AlC thin films

MAX-phase Cr(2)AlC containing thin films were synthesized by magnetron sputtering in an industrial system. Nanometre-scale 3D defects are observed near the boundary between regions of Cr(2)AlC and of the disordered solid solution (CrAl)(x)C(y). Shrinkage of the Cr-Cr interplanar distance and elongation of the Cr-Al distance in the vicinity of the defects are detected using transmission electron microscopy. The here observed deformation surrounding the defects was described using density functional theory by comparing the DOS of bulk Cr(2)AlC with the DOS of a strained and unstrained Cr(2)AlC(0001) surface. From the partial density of states analysis, it can be learned that Cr-C bonds are stronger than Cr-Al bonds in bulk Cr(2)AlC. Upon Cr(2)AlC(0001) surface formation, both bonds are weakened. While the Cr-C bonds recover their bulk strength as Cr(2)AlC(0001) is strained, the Cr-Al bonds experience only a partial recovery, still being weaker than their bulk counterparts. Hence, the strain induced bond strengthening in Cr(2)AlC(0001) is larger for Cr d – C p bonds than for Cr d – Al p bonds. The here observed changes in bonding due to the formation of a strained surface are consistent with the experimentally observed elongation of the Cr-Al distance in the vicinity of nm-scale 3D defects in Cr(2)AlC thin films.