Adoptive cell therapy using PD-1(+) myeloma-reactive T cells eliminates established myeloma in mice

BACKGROUND: Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with cancer antigen-reactive T cells following lymphodepletive pre-conditioning has emerged as a potentially curative therapy for patients with advanced cancers. However, identification and enrichment of appropriate T cell subsets for cancer eradication remains a major challenge for hematologic cancers. METHODS: PD-1(+) and PD-1(−) T cell subsets from myeloma-bearing mice were sorted and analyzed for myeloma reactivity in vitro. In addition, the T cells were activated and expanded in culture and given to syngeneic myeloma-bearing mice as ACT. RESULTS: Myeloma-reactive T cells were enriched in the PD-1(+) cell subset. Similar results were also observed in a mouse AML model. PD-1(+) T cells from myeloma-bearing mice were found to be functional, they could be activated and expanded ex vivo, and they maintained their anti-myeloma reactivity after expansion. Adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded PD-1(+) T cells together with a PD-L1 blocking antibody eliminated established myeloma in Rag-deficient mice. Both CD8 and CD4 T cell subsets were important for eradicating myeloma. Adoptively transferred PD-1(+) T cells persisted in recipient mice and were able to mount an adaptive memory immune response. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that PD-1 is a biomarker for functional myeloma-specific T cells, and that activated and expanded PD-1(+) T cells can be effective as ACT for myeloma. Furthermore, this strategy could be useful for treating other hematologic cancers.