Transition-Metal Catalysis of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: A Radical Alternative to S(N)1 and S(N)2 Processes

[Image: see text] Classical methods for achieving nucleophilic substitutions of alkyl electrophiles (S(N)1 and S(N)2) have limited scope and are not generally amenable to enantioselective variants that employ readily available racemic electrophiles. Radical-based pathways catalyzed by chiral transition-metal complexes provide an attractive approach to addressing these limitations.