Novel Doxorubicin Derivatives: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Study in 2D and 3D in Vitro Models

Purpose: Multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumors to chemotherapeutics often leads to failure of cancer treatment. The aim of the study was to prepare novel MDR-overcoming chemotherapeutics based on doxorubicin (DOX) derivatives and to evaluate their efficacy in 2D and 3D in vitro models. Methods: To overcome MDR, we synthesized five DOX derivatives, and then obtained non-covalent complexes with human serum albumin (HSA). Drug efficacy was evaluated for two tumor cell lines, namely human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells and DOX resistant MCF-7/ADR cells. Additionally, MCF-7 cells were entrapped in alginate-oligochitosan microcapsules, and generated tumor spheroids were used as a 3D in vitro model to study cytotoxicity of the DOX derivatives. Results: Due to 3D structure, the tumor spheroids were more resistant to chemotherapy compared to monolayer culture. DOX covalently attached to palmitic acid through hydrazone linkage (DOX-N(2)H-Palm conjugate) was found to be the most promising derivative. Its accumulation levels within MCF-7/ADR cells was 4- and 10-fold higher than those of native DOX when the conjugate was added to cultivation medium without serum and to medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, respectively. Non-covalent complex of the conjugate with HSA was found to reduce the IC(50) value from 32.9 µM (for free DOX-N(2)H-Palm) to 16.8 µM (for HSA-DOX-N(2)H-Palm) after 72 h incubation with MCF-7/ADR cells. Conclusion: Palm-N(2)H-DOX conjugate was found to be the most promising DOX derivative in this research. The formation of non-covalent complex of Palm-N(2)H-DOX conjugate with HSA allowed improving its anti-proliferative activity against both MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells.