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Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond

Almond is the most important nut species worldwide and almond kernels show the highest levels of tocopherols among all nuts. In almond, tocopherols not only play a substantial role as a healthy food for human consumption, but also in protecting lipids against oxidation and, thus, lengthening the sto...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kodad, Ossama, Socias i Company, Rafel, Alonso, José M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789316/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29303980
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7010006
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author Kodad, Ossama
Socias i Company, Rafel
Alonso, José M.
author_facet Kodad, Ossama
Socias i Company, Rafel
Alonso, José M.
author_sort Kodad, Ossama
collection PubMed
description Almond is the most important nut species worldwide and almond kernels show the highest levels of tocopherols among all nuts. In almond, tocopherols not only play a substantial role as a healthy food for human consumption, but also in protecting lipids against oxidation and, thus, lengthening the storage time of almond kernels. The main tocopherol homologues detected in almond in decreasing content and biological importance are α-, γ-, δ-, and β-tocopherol. Tocopherol concentration in almond depends on the genotype and the environment, such as the climatic conditions of the year and the growing management of the orchard. The range of variability for the different tocopherol homologues is of 335–657 mg/kg of almond oil for α-, 2–50 for γ-, and 0.1–22 for β-tocopherol. Drought and heat have been the most important stresses affecting tocopherol content in almond, with increased levels at higher temperatures and in water deficit conditions. The right cultivar and the most appropriate growing conditions may be selected to obtain crops with effective kernel storage and for the most beneficial effects of almond consumption for human nutrition and health.
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spelling pubmed-57893162018-02-02 Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond Kodad, Ossama Socias i Company, Rafel Alonso, José M. Antioxidants (Basel) Review Almond is the most important nut species worldwide and almond kernels show the highest levels of tocopherols among all nuts. In almond, tocopherols not only play a substantial role as a healthy food for human consumption, but also in protecting lipids against oxidation and, thus, lengthening the storage time of almond kernels. The main tocopherol homologues detected in almond in decreasing content and biological importance are α-, γ-, δ-, and β-tocopherol. Tocopherol concentration in almond depends on the genotype and the environment, such as the climatic conditions of the year and the growing management of the orchard. The range of variability for the different tocopherol homologues is of 335–657 mg/kg of almond oil for α-, 2–50 for γ-, and 0.1–22 for β-tocopherol. Drought and heat have been the most important stresses affecting tocopherol content in almond, with increased levels at higher temperatures and in water deficit conditions. The right cultivar and the most appropriate growing conditions may be selected to obtain crops with effective kernel storage and for the most beneficial effects of almond consumption for human nutrition and health. MDPI 2018-01-05 /pmc/articles/PMC5789316/ /pubmed/29303980 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7010006 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Kodad, Ossama
Socias i Company, Rafel
Alonso, José M.
Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond
title Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond
title_full Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond
title_fullStr Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond
title_full_unstemmed Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond
title_short Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Tocopherol Content in Almond
title_sort genotypic and environmental effects on tocopherol content in almond
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789316/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29303980
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7010006
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