Accuracy of genetic code translation and its orthogonal corruption by aminoglycosides and Mg(2+) ions

We studied the effects of aminoglycosides and changing Mg(2+) ion concentration on the accuracy of initial codon selection by aminoacyl-tRNA in ternary complex with elongation factor Tu and GTP (T(3)) on mRNA programmed ribosomes. Aminoglycosides decrease the accuracy by changing the equilibrium constants of ‘monitoring bases’ A1492, A1493 and G530 in 16S rRNA in favor of their ‘activated’ state by large, aminoglycoside-specific factors, which are the same for cognate and near-cognate codons. Increasing Mg(2+) concentration decreases the accuracy by slowing dissociation of T(3) from its initial codon- and aminoglycoside-independent binding state on the ribosome. The distinct accuracy-corrupting mechanisms for aminoglycosides and Mg(2+) ions prompted us to re-interpret previous biochemical experiments and functional implications of existing high resolution ribosome structures. We estimate the upper thermodynamic limit to the accuracy, the ‘intrinsic selectivity’ of the ribosome. We conclude that aminoglycosides do not alter the intrinsic selectivity but reduce the fraction of it that is expressed as the accuracy of initial selection. We suggest that induced fit increases the accuracy and speed of codon reading at unaltered intrinsic selectivity of the ribosome.