Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase stimulates thrombopoietin-independent hematopoiesis accelerating recovery from thrombocytopenia

New mechanisms behind blood cell formation continue to be uncovered, with therapeutic approaches for hematological diseases being of great interest. Here we report an enzyme in protein synthesis, known for cell-based activities beyond translation, is a factor inducing megakaryocyte-biased hematopoiesis, most likely under stress conditions. We show an activated form of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YRS(ACT)), prepared either by rationally designed mutagenesis or alternative splicing, induces expansion of a previously unrecognized high-ploidy Sca-1(+) megakaryocyte population capable of accelerating platelet replenishment after depletion. Moreover, YRS(ACT) targets monocytic cells to induce secretion of transacting cytokines that enhance megakaryocyte expansion stimulating the Toll-like receptor/MyD88 pathway. Platelet replenishment by YRS(ACT) is independent of thrombopoietin (TPO), as evidenced by expansion of the megakaryocytes from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoietic stem cells from a patient deficient in TPO signaling. We suggest megakaryocyte-biased hematopoiesis induced by YRS(ACT) offers new approaches for treating thrombocytopenia, boosting yields from cell-culture production of platelet concentrates for transfusion, and bridging therapy for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.