Destabilization of the von Willebrand factor A2 domain under oxidizing conditions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

The protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) is key for the adhesion of blood platelets to sites of vascular injury. Recent studies have shown that the release of oxidative agents during inflammation increases the platelet-tethering activity of VWF contributing to a pro-thrombotic state. This has been linked to the oxidation of methionine residues in the A1, A2 and A3 domains of VWF. The A1 domain binds to platelet surface receptors glycoprotein Ib α (GpIbα). This interaction has been shown to be inhibited under static conditions by the neighboring A2 domain. Tensile force exerted by blood flow unfolds the A2 domain normally leading to its cleavage by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13 preventing pathological thrombus formation. However, oxidizing conditions inhibit proteolysis through ADAMTS13. Here, molecular dynamics simulations tested the hypothesis whether methionine oxidation induced by inflammatory conditions favors unfolding of the A2 domain contributing to the experimentally observed activation of VWF. The results indicate that oxidation of methionine residues located near the C-terminal helix of the A2 domain reduce the force necessary to initiate unfolding. Furthermore, oxidation of methionine residues shifts the thermodynamic equilibrium of the A2 domain fold towards the denatured state. This work suggests a mechanism whereby oxidation reduces the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of the A2 domain removing its inhibitory function on the binding of the A1 domain to GpIbα.