Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea
Echinacea preparations are widely used herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of colds and minor infections. There is little evidence for the individual components in Echinacea that contribute to immune regulatory activity. Activity of an ethanolic Echinacea extract and several constituen...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2005
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6147727/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007520 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/10101279 |
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author | Stevenson, Lesley M. Matthias, Anita Banbury, Linda Penman, Kerry G. Bone, Kerry M. Leach, David Lehmann, Reg P. |
author_facet | Stevenson, Lesley M. Matthias, Anita Banbury, Linda Penman, Kerry G. Bone, Kerry M. Leach, David Lehmann, Reg P. |
author_sort | Stevenson, Lesley M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Echinacea preparations are widely used herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of colds and minor infections. There is little evidence for the individual components in Echinacea that contribute to immune regulatory activity. Activity of an ethanolic Echinacea extract and several constituents, including cichoric acid, have been examined using three in vitro measures of macrophage immune function – NF-κB, TNF- α and nitric oxide (NO). In cultured macrophages, all components except the monoene alkylamide (AA1) decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated NF-κB levels. 0.2 µg/ml cichoric acid and 2.0µg/mL Echinacea Premium Liquid (EPL) and EPL alkylamide fraction (EPL AA) were found to significantly decrease TNF-α production under LPS stimulated conditions in macrophages. In macrophages, only the alkylamide mixture isolated from the ethanolic Echinacea extract decreased LPS stimulated NO production. In this study, the mixture of alkylamides in the Echinacea ethanolic liquid extract did not respond in the same manner in the assays as the individual alkylamides investigated. While cichoric acid has been shown to affect NF-κB, TNF-α and NO levels, it is unlikely to be relevant in the Echinacea alterations of the immune response in vivo due to its non- bioavailability – i.e. no demonstrated absorption across the intestinal barrier and no detectable levels in plasma. These results demonstrate that Echinacea is an effective modulator of macrophage immune responses in vitro. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6147727 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2005 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61477272018-11-16 Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea Stevenson, Lesley M. Matthias, Anita Banbury, Linda Penman, Kerry G. Bone, Kerry M. Leach, David Lehmann, Reg P. Molecules Article Echinacea preparations are widely used herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of colds and minor infections. There is little evidence for the individual components in Echinacea that contribute to immune regulatory activity. Activity of an ethanolic Echinacea extract and several constituents, including cichoric acid, have been examined using three in vitro measures of macrophage immune function – NF-κB, TNF- α and nitric oxide (NO). In cultured macrophages, all components except the monoene alkylamide (AA1) decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated NF-κB levels. 0.2 µg/ml cichoric acid and 2.0µg/mL Echinacea Premium Liquid (EPL) and EPL alkylamide fraction (EPL AA) were found to significantly decrease TNF-α production under LPS stimulated conditions in macrophages. In macrophages, only the alkylamide mixture isolated from the ethanolic Echinacea extract decreased LPS stimulated NO production. In this study, the mixture of alkylamides in the Echinacea ethanolic liquid extract did not respond in the same manner in the assays as the individual alkylamides investigated. While cichoric acid has been shown to affect NF-κB, TNF-α and NO levels, it is unlikely to be relevant in the Echinacea alterations of the immune response in vivo due to its non- bioavailability – i.e. no demonstrated absorption across the intestinal barrier and no detectable levels in plasma. These results demonstrate that Echinacea is an effective modulator of macrophage immune responses in vitro. MDPI 2005-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC6147727/ /pubmed/18007520 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/10101279 Text en © 2005 by MDPI (http:www.mdpi.org). Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes. |
spellingShingle | Article Stevenson, Lesley M. Matthias, Anita Banbury, Linda Penman, Kerry G. Bone, Kerry M. Leach, David Lehmann, Reg P. Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea |
title | Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea |
title_full | Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea |
title_fullStr | Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea |
title_full_unstemmed | Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea |
title_short | Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea |
title_sort | modulation of macrophage immune responses by echinacea |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6147727/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007520 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/10101279 |
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