Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis
Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show varying mechanisms of exertional dyspnea with different exercise capacities. Methods: To investigate the pathophysiologic conditions related to exertional dyspnea, 294 COPD patients were evaluated using cardiopulmonary exerc...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6176099/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333757 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01293 |
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author | Kagawa, Hiroyuki Miki, Keisuke Kitada, Seigo Miki, Mari Yoshimura, Kenji Oshitani, Yohei Nishida, Kohei Sawa, Nobuhiko Tsujino, Kazuyuki Maekura, Ryoji |
author_facet | Kagawa, Hiroyuki Miki, Keisuke Kitada, Seigo Miki, Mari Yoshimura, Kenji Oshitani, Yohei Nishida, Kohei Sawa, Nobuhiko Tsujino, Kazuyuki Maekura, Ryoji |
author_sort | Kagawa, Hiroyuki |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show varying mechanisms of exertional dyspnea with different exercise capacities. Methods: To investigate the pathophysiologic conditions related to exertional dyspnea, 294 COPD patients were evaluated using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with arterial blood analyses, with the patients classified into two groups according to their exercise limitation: the leg fatigue group (n = 58) and the dyspnea group (n = 215). The dyspnea group was further subdivided into four groups based on peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text] in mL/min/kg): group A (< 11), group B (11 to < 15), group C (15 to < 21), and group D (≥21). Results: In the dyspnea group, group A (n = 28) showed the following findings: (i) the forced expiratory volume in 1 s was not correlated with the peak [Formula: see text] (p = 0.288), (ii) the arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)) slope (peak minus resting PaO(2)/Δ [Formula: see text]) was the steepest (p < 0.0001) among all subgroups, (iii) reduced tidal volume (V(T)) was negatively correlated with respiratory frequency at peak exercise (p < 0.0001), and (iv) a break point in exertional V(T) curve was determined in 17 (61%) patients in group A. In these patients, there was a significant negative correlation between bicarbonate ion ([Formula: see text]) levels at peak exercise and V(T) level when the V(T)-break point occurred (p = 0.032). In group D (n = 46), [Formula: see text] levels were negatively correlated with plasma lactate levels (p < 0.0001). In all subgroups, the [Formula: see text] level was negatively correlated with minute ventilation. The dyspnea subgroups showed no significant differences in the overall mean pH [7.363 (SD 0.039)] and Borg scale scores [7.4 (SD, 2.3)] at peak exercise. Conclusions: During exercise, ventilation is stimulated to avoid arterial blood acidosis and hypoxemia, but ventilatory stimulation is restricted in the setting of reduced respiratory system ability. These conditions provoke the exertional dyspnea in COPD. Although symptom levels were similar, the exertional pathophysiologic conditions differed according to residual exercise performance; moreover, COPD patients showed great inter-individual variability. An adequate understanding of individual pathophysiologic conditions using CPET is essential for proper management of COPD patients. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6176099 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61760992018-10-17 Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis Kagawa, Hiroyuki Miki, Keisuke Kitada, Seigo Miki, Mari Yoshimura, Kenji Oshitani, Yohei Nishida, Kohei Sawa, Nobuhiko Tsujino, Kazuyuki Maekura, Ryoji Front Physiol Physiology Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show varying mechanisms of exertional dyspnea with different exercise capacities. Methods: To investigate the pathophysiologic conditions related to exertional dyspnea, 294 COPD patients were evaluated using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with arterial blood analyses, with the patients classified into two groups according to their exercise limitation: the leg fatigue group (n = 58) and the dyspnea group (n = 215). The dyspnea group was further subdivided into four groups based on peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text] in mL/min/kg): group A (< 11), group B (11 to < 15), group C (15 to < 21), and group D (≥21). Results: In the dyspnea group, group A (n = 28) showed the following findings: (i) the forced expiratory volume in 1 s was not correlated with the peak [Formula: see text] (p = 0.288), (ii) the arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)) slope (peak minus resting PaO(2)/Δ [Formula: see text]) was the steepest (p < 0.0001) among all subgroups, (iii) reduced tidal volume (V(T)) was negatively correlated with respiratory frequency at peak exercise (p < 0.0001), and (iv) a break point in exertional V(T) curve was determined in 17 (61%) patients in group A. In these patients, there was a significant negative correlation between bicarbonate ion ([Formula: see text]) levels at peak exercise and V(T) level when the V(T)-break point occurred (p = 0.032). In group D (n = 46), [Formula: see text] levels were negatively correlated with plasma lactate levels (p < 0.0001). In all subgroups, the [Formula: see text] level was negatively correlated with minute ventilation. The dyspnea subgroups showed no significant differences in the overall mean pH [7.363 (SD 0.039)] and Borg scale scores [7.4 (SD, 2.3)] at peak exercise. Conclusions: During exercise, ventilation is stimulated to avoid arterial blood acidosis and hypoxemia, but ventilatory stimulation is restricted in the setting of reduced respiratory system ability. These conditions provoke the exertional dyspnea in COPD. Although symptom levels were similar, the exertional pathophysiologic conditions differed according to residual exercise performance; moreover, COPD patients showed great inter-individual variability. An adequate understanding of individual pathophysiologic conditions using CPET is essential for proper management of COPD patients. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-10-02 /pmc/articles/PMC6176099/ /pubmed/30333757 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01293 Text en Copyright © 2018 Kagawa, Miki, Kitada, Miki, Yoshimura, Oshitani, Nishida, Sawa, Tsujino and Maekura. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Kagawa, Hiroyuki Miki, Keisuke Kitada, Seigo Miki, Mari Yoshimura, Kenji Oshitani, Yohei Nishida, Kohei Sawa, Nobuhiko Tsujino, Kazuyuki Maekura, Ryoji Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis |
title | Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis |
title_full | Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis |
title_fullStr | Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis |
title_short | Dyspnea and the Varying Pathophysiologic Manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Evaluated by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing With Arterial Blood Analysis |
title_sort | dyspnea and the varying pathophysiologic manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise testing with arterial blood analysis |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6176099/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333757 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01293 |
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