Electrochemical, spectroscopic and theoretical monitoring of anthracyclines’ interactions with DNA and ascorbic acid by adopting two routes: Cancer cell line studies

Pharmacodynamic interactions of three anthracycline antibiotics namely doxorubicin (DXH), epirubicin (EpiDXH) and daunorubicin (DNR) with DNA in the absence and presence of ascorbic acid (AA) as natural additive were monitored under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4, 4.7 and T = 309.5K). Route–1 (Anthracycline–AA–DNA) and Route–2 (Anthracycline–DNA–AA) were adopted to see the interactional behavior by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-visible spectroscopy. In comparison to Route–2; voltammetric and spectral responses as well as binding constant (K(b)) and Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG) values revealed strongest and more favorable interaction of anthracycline–AA complex with DNA via Route–1. K(b), s (binding site sizes) and ΔG evaluated from experimental (CV, UV-Vis) and theoretical (molecular docking) findings showed enhanced binding strength of tertiary complexes as compared to binary drug–DNA complexes. The results were found comparatively better at pH 7.4. Consistency was observed in binding parameters evaluated from experimental and theoretical techniques. Diffusion coefficients (D(o)) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k(s,h)) confirmed the formation of complexes via slow diffusion kinetics. Percent cell inhibition (%C(inh)) of anthracyclines for non-small cell cancer cell lines (NSCCLs) H-1299 and H-157 were evaluated higher in the presence of AA which further complimented experimental and theoretical results.