Activation of miR-21-Regulated Pathways in Immune Aging Selects against Signatures Characteristic of Memory T Cells

Induction of protective vaccine responses, governed by the successful generation of antigen-specific anti-bodies and long-lived memory T cells, is increasingly impaired with age. Regulation of the T cell proteome by a dynamic network of microRNAs is crucial to T cell responses. Here, we show that activation-induced upregulation of miR-21 biases the transcrip-tome of differentiating T cells away from memory T cells and toward inflammatory effector T cells. Such a transcriptome bias is also characteristic of T cell responses in older individuals who have increased miR-21 expression and is reversed by antagonizing miR-21. miR-21 targets negative feedback circuits in several signaling pathways. The concerted, sustained activity of these signaling path-ways in miR-21(high) T cells disfavors the induction of transcription factor networks involved in memory cell differentiation. Our data suggest that curbing miR-21 upregulation or activity in older individuals may improve their ability to mount effective vaccine responses.