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Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism
The auxin-like compound 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used as a plant growth regulator in cucumber fruit production; however, its influence on fruit development and metabolism has not been evaluated. In this study, the phenotype of cucumber fruits in both 2,4-D treatment and...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429315/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30841619 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051126 |
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author | Hu, Chaoyang Zhao, Huiyu Shi, Jianxin Li, Jian Nie, Xiangbo Yang, Guiling |
author_facet | Hu, Chaoyang Zhao, Huiyu Shi, Jianxin Li, Jian Nie, Xiangbo Yang, Guiling |
author_sort | Hu, Chaoyang |
collection | PubMed |
description | The auxin-like compound 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used as a plant growth regulator in cucumber fruit production; however, its influence on fruit development and metabolism has not been evaluated. In this study, the phenotype of cucumber fruits in both 2,4-D treatment and non-treatment control groups were recorded, and the metabolome of different segments of cucumber fruit at various sampling time points were profiled by a standardized non-targeted metabolomics method based on UPLC-qTOF-MS. The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length, and produced cucumber fruits with fresh flowers at the top. The 2,4-D treatment also affected the cucumber fruit metabolome, causing significant changes in the stylar end at 4 days after flowering (DAF). The significantly changed metabolites were mainly involved in methionine metabolism, the citric acid cycle and flavonoid metabolism pathways. At the harvest stage, 2,4–D treatment significantly decreased the levels of flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives while increased the levels of some of the amino acids. In summary, exogenous application of 2,4-D can greatly alter the phenotype and metabolism of cucumber fruit. These findings will assist in exploring the mechanisms of how 2,4-D treatment changes the fruit phenotype and evaluating the influence of 2,4-D treatment on the nutritional qualities of cucumber fruit. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6429315 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-64293152019-04-10 Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism Hu, Chaoyang Zhao, Huiyu Shi, Jianxin Li, Jian Nie, Xiangbo Yang, Guiling Int J Mol Sci Article The auxin-like compound 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used as a plant growth regulator in cucumber fruit production; however, its influence on fruit development and metabolism has not been evaluated. In this study, the phenotype of cucumber fruits in both 2,4-D treatment and non-treatment control groups were recorded, and the metabolome of different segments of cucumber fruit at various sampling time points were profiled by a standardized non-targeted metabolomics method based on UPLC-qTOF-MS. The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length, and produced cucumber fruits with fresh flowers at the top. The 2,4-D treatment also affected the cucumber fruit metabolome, causing significant changes in the stylar end at 4 days after flowering (DAF). The significantly changed metabolites were mainly involved in methionine metabolism, the citric acid cycle and flavonoid metabolism pathways. At the harvest stage, 2,4–D treatment significantly decreased the levels of flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives while increased the levels of some of the amino acids. In summary, exogenous application of 2,4-D can greatly alter the phenotype and metabolism of cucumber fruit. These findings will assist in exploring the mechanisms of how 2,4-D treatment changes the fruit phenotype and evaluating the influence of 2,4-D treatment on the nutritional qualities of cucumber fruit. MDPI 2019-03-05 /pmc/articles/PMC6429315/ /pubmed/30841619 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051126 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Hu, Chaoyang Zhao, Huiyu Shi, Jianxin Li, Jian Nie, Xiangbo Yang, Guiling Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism |
title | Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism |
title_full | Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism |
title_fullStr | Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism |
title_short | Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism |
title_sort | effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on cucumber fruit development and metabolism |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429315/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30841619 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051126 |
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