School Feeding Reduces Anemia Prevalence in Adolescent Girls and Other Vulnerable Household Members in a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda

BACKGROUND: Food for education (FFE) programs that include school meals are widely used to improve school participation and performance, but evidence on nutritional benefits is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study tested whether food fortified with multiple micronutrients provided in FFE programs reduced anemia prevalence of primary-school-age adolescent girls, adult women, and preschool children. METHODS: Through the use of a cluster randomized controlled trial with individual-level repeated cross-sectional data, we measured impacts on anemia prevalence from 2 FFE programs, a school feeding program (SFP) providing multiple-micronutrient-fortified meals and a nutritionally equivalent take-home ration (THR). Camps for internally displaced people (IDP) (n = 31) in Northern Uganda were randomly assigned to SFP, THR, or a control group with no FFE. Rations were provided for 15 mo at SFP and THR schools. A survey of households (n = 627) with children aged 6–17 y was conducted (baseline and 18 mo later). Analyses used difference-in-differences by intent to treat. RESULTS: Adolescent girls aged 10–13 y in FFE schools experienced a significant (P < 0.05) 25.7 percentage point reduction (95% CI: −0.43, −0.08) in prevalence of any anemia [hemoglobin (Hb) <11.5 g/dL, age 10–11 y; Hb <12 g/dL, age 12–13 y] and a significant 19.5 percentage point reduction (95% CI: −0.35, −0.04) in moderate-to-severe anemia (Hb <11 g/dL) relative to the control group, with no difference in impact between SFP and THR. The THR reduced moderate-to-severe anemia prevalence (Hb <11g/dL) of adult women aged ≥18 y (12.8 percentage points, 95% CI: −0.24, −0.02). All IDP camps initially received micronutrient-fortified rations through a separate humanitarian program; in one district where most households stopped receiving these rations, SFP reduced moderate-to-severe anemia of children aged 6–59 mo by 22.1 percentage points (95% CI: −0.42, −0.02). CONCLUSIONS: FFE programs reduced any anemia and moderate-to-severe anemia in primary-school-age adolescent girls and reduced moderate-to-severe anemia for adult women and preschool children. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01261182.