Systemic Inflammation in Metabolic Syndrome: Increased Platelet and Leukocyte Activation, and Key Role of CX(3)CL1/CX(3)CR1 and CCL2/CCR2 Axes in Arterial Platelet-Proinflammatory Monocyte Adhesion

Background: Metabolic syndrome is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, which is a key driver of premature atherosclerosis. We characterized immune cell behavior in metabolic syndrome, its consequences, and the potential involvement of the CX(3)CL1/CX(3)CR1 and CCL2/CCR2 chemokine axes. Methods: Whole blood from 18 patients with metabolic syndrome and 21 age-matched controls was analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the leukocyte immunophenotypes, activation, platelet-leukocyte aggregates, and CX(3)CR1 expression. ELISA determined the plasma marker levels. Platelet-leukocyte aggregates adhesion to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-stimulated arterial endothelium and the role of CX(3)CL1/CX(3)CR1 and CCL2/CCR2 axes was investigated with the parallel-plate flow chamber. Results: When compared with the controls, the metabolic syndrome patients presented greater percentages of eosinophils, CD3(+) T lymphocytes, Mon2/Mon3 monocytes, platelet-eosinophil and -lymphocyte aggregates, activated platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and CD8(+) T cells, but lower percentages of Mon1 monocytes. Patients had increased circulating interleukin-8 (IL-8) and TNFα levels and decreased IL-4. CX(3)CR1 up-regulation in platelet-Mon1 monocyte aggregates in metabolic syndrome patients led to increased CX(3)CR1/CCR2-dependent platelet-Mon1 monocyte adhesion to dysfunctional arterial endothelium. Conclusion: We provide evidence of generalized immune activation in metabolic syndrome. Additionally, CX(3)CL1/CX(3)CR1 or CCL2/CCR2 axes are potential candidates for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorders in metabolic syndrome patients, as their blockade impairs the augmented arterial platelet-Mon1 monocyte aggregate adhesiveness, which is a key event in atherogenesis.