Similarities and differences in d(6) low-spin ruthenium, rhodium and iridium half-sandwich complexes: synthesis, structure, cytotoxicity and interaction with biological targets

In this paper, we discussed the similarities and differences in d(6) low-spin half-sandwich ruthenium, rhodium and iridium complexes containing 2,2′-biimidazole (H(2)biim). Three new complexes, {[RuCl(H(2)biim)(η(6)-p-cymene)]PF(6)}(2)·H(2)O (1), [(η(5)-Cp)RhCl(H(2)biim)]PF(6) (2), and [(η(5)-Cp)IrCl(H(2)biim)]PF(6) (3), were fully characterized by CHN, X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–Vis, FTIR, and (1)H, (13)C and (15)N NMR spectroscopies. The complexes exhibit a typical pseudooctahedral piano-stool geometry, in which the aromatic arene ring (p-cymene or Cp) forms the seat, while the bidentate 2,2′-biimidazole and chloride ion form the three legs of the piano stool. Moreover, the cytotoxic activities of the compounds were examined in the LoVo, HL-60, MV-4-11, MCF-7 human cancer cell lines and BALB/3T3 normal mouse fibroblasts. Notably, the investigated complexes showed no cytotoxic effects towards the normal BALB/3T3 cell line compared to cisplatin, which has an IC(50) value of 2.20 µg. Importantly, 1 displayed the highest activity against HL-60 (IC(50) 4.35 µg). To predict a binding mode, we explored the potential interactions of the metal complexes with CT-DNA and protein using UV absorption and circular dichroism. The obtained data suggest that the complexes could interact with CT-DNA via an outside binding mode. Moreover, binding of the complexes with the GSH via UV–Vis and ESI mass spectra was determined. Comparative studies have shown that the rhodium complex (2) is the most GSH reactive, which is probably responsible for its deactivation towards LoVo and MCF-7 tumour cells. The influence of the metal ion on the biological activity of isostructural Rh(III) and Ir(III) complexes was an important goal of the presented investigation. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00775-019-01665-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.