Repurposing of Tranilast for Potential Neuropathic Pain Treatment by Inhibition of Sepiapterin Reductase in the BH(4) Pathway

[Image: see text] Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is a cofactor in the production of various signaling molecules including nitric oxide, dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. BH(4) levels are critical for processes associated with cardiovascular function, inflammation, mood, pain, and neurotransmission. Increasing pieces of evidence suggest that BH(4) is upregulated in chronic pain. Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) catalyzes both the reversible reduction of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin (BH(2)) and 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydrobiopterin to BH(4) within the BH(4) pathway. Therefore, inhibition of SPR by small molecules can be used to control BH(4) production and ultimately alleviate chronic pain. Here, we have used various in silico and in vitro experiments to show that tranilast, licensed for use in bronchial asthma, can inhibit sepiapterin reduction by SPR. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that tranilast can bind to human SPR (hSPR) at the same site as sepiapterin including S157, one of the catalytic triad residues of hSPR. Colorimetric assays revealed that tranilast was nearly twice as potent as the known hSPR inhibitor, N-acetyl serotonin. Tranilast was able to inhibit hSPR activity both intracellularly and extracellularly in live cells. Triple quad mass spectrophotometry of cell lysates showed a proportional decrease of BH(4) in cells treated with tranilast. Our results suggest that tranilast can act as a potent hSPR inhibitor and therefore is a valid candidate for drug repurposing in the treatment of chronic pain.