Dexmedetomidine exerts dual effects on human annulus fibrosus chondrocytes depending on the oxidative stress status

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is an anesthetic widely used in lumbar discectomy, but its effect on chondrocytes remains unclear. Dex is speculated to promote cartilage degeneration by activating α-2 adrenergic receptor. However, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of Dex implied the potential chondrocyte protective effect under stress conditions. The present study aimed to determine the effect of Dex on chondrocytes under non-stress and stress conditions. Chondrocytes were isolated from human annulus fibrosus (AF) tissues and oxidative stress was induced by treatment with 1 mM hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Chondrocytes were treated with Dex alone or in combination with H(2)O(2). Treatment with Dex alone decreased mRNA expression of COL2A1 and increased that of MMP-3 and MMP-13, thus contributing to cartilage degeneration. However, Dex prevented H(2)O(2)-induced death and degeneration of chondrocytes partly by enhancing antioxidant capacity. Mechanistically, Dex attenuated H(2)O(2)-mediated activation of NF-κB and NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), both of which play key roles in inflammation and inflammatory damage. Dex inactivated NLRP3 through the suppression of NF-κB and JNK signals. Co-treatment with Dex and H(2)O(2) increased protein level of XIAP (X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis, an anti-apoptosis protein), compared with H(2)O(2) treatment alone. H(2)O(2) treatment increased the expression of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (NEDD4) that is a ubiquitin ligase targeting XIAP. However, Dex decreased the amount of NEDD4 adhering to XIAP, thus protecting XIAP protein from NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. Given that surgery inevitably causes oxidative stress and inflammation, the protective effect of Dex on chondrocytes during oxidative stress is noteworthy and warrants further study.