CRISPR/dCas9‐mediated activation of multiple endogenous target genes directly converts human foreskin fibroblasts into Leydig‐like cells

Recently, Leydig cell (LC) transplantation has been revealed as a promising strategy for treating male hypogonadism; however, the key problem restricting the application of LC transplantation is a severe lack of seed cells. It seems that targeted activation of endogenous genes may provide a potential alternative. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether targeted activation of Nr5a1, Gata4 and Dmrt1 (NGD) via the CRISPR/dCas9 synergistic activation mediator system could convert human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) into functional Leydig‐like cells. We first constructed the stable Hsd3b‐dCas9‐MPH‐HFF cell line using the Hsd3b‐EGFP, dCas9‐VP64 and MS2‐P65‐HSF1 lentiviral vectors and then infected it with single guide RNAs. Next, we evaluated the reprogrammed cells for their reprogramming efficiency, testosterone production characteristics and expression levels of Leydig steroidogenic markers by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction or Western blotting. Our results showed that the reprogramming efficiency was close to 10% and that the reprogrammed Leydig‐like cells secreted testosterone rapidly and, more importantly, responded effectively to stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin and expressed Leydig steroidogenic markers. Our findings demonstrate that simultaneous targeted activation of the endogenous NGD genes directly reprograms HFFs into functional Leydig‐like cells, providing an innovative technology that may have promising potential for the treatment of male androgen deficiency diseases.