K63-linked ubiquitination regulates RIPK1 kinase activity to prevent cell death during embryogenesis and inflammation

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a critical regulator of cell death through its kinase activity. However, how its kinase activity is regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we generate Ripk1(K376R/K376R) knock-in mice in which the Lys(K)63-linked ubiquitination of RIPK1 is impaired. The knock-in mice display an early embryonic lethality due to massive cell death that is resulted from reduced TAK1-mediated suppression on RIPK1 kinase activity and forming more TNFR1 complex II in Ripk1(K376R/K376R) cells in response to TNFα. Although TNFR1 deficiency delays the lethality, concomitant deletion of RIPK3 and Caspase8 fully prevents embryonic lethality of Ripk1(K376R/K376R) mice. Notably, Ripk1(K376R/-) mice are viable but develop severe systemic inflammation that is mainly driven by RIPK3-dependent signaling pathway, indicating that K63-linked ubiquitination on Lys376 residue of RIPK1 also contributes to inflammation process. Together, our study reveals the mechanism by which K63-linked ubiquitination on K376 regulates RIPK1 kinase activity to control cell death programs.