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Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study

Diet is one of the key modifiable behaviors that can help to control and prevent non-communicable chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the overall diet composition of the population through non-invasive and independent indexes or scores as diet quality indexes (DQIs). The primary...

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Autores principales: Olza, Josune, Martínez de Victoria, Emilio, Aranceta-Bartrina, Javier, González-Gross, Marcela, Ortega, Rosa M., Serra-Majem, Lluis, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Gil, Ángel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835880/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31581518
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102328
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author Olza, Josune
Martínez de Victoria, Emilio
Aranceta-Bartrina, Javier
González-Gross, Marcela
Ortega, Rosa M.
Serra-Majem, Lluis
Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio
Gil, Ángel
author_facet Olza, Josune
Martínez de Victoria, Emilio
Aranceta-Bartrina, Javier
González-Gross, Marcela
Ortega, Rosa M.
Serra-Majem, Lluis
Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio
Gil, Ángel
author_sort Olza, Josune
collection PubMed
description Diet is one of the key modifiable behaviors that can help to control and prevent non-communicable chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the overall diet composition of the population through non-invasive and independent indexes or scores as diet quality indexes (DQIs). The primary aim of the present work was to estimate the adequacy of the intake of critical nutrients in the Spanish “Anthropometry, Intake, and Energy Balance Study” (ANIBES) (n = 2285; 9–75 years), considering, as a reference, the European Food Scientific Authority (EFSA) values for nutrients for the European Union. We also assessed the quality of the diet for adults and older adults using four internationally accepted DQIs, namely the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), the Mediterranean Diet Score-modified (MDS-mod), and the Mediterranean-Diet Quality Index (MED-DQI), as well as the ANIBES-DQI, stratified by education and income. The ANIBES-DQI was based on compliance with EFSA and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations for a selected group of nutrients (i.e., total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), simple sugars, fiber, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin A), with a total range of 0–7. Misreporting was assessed according to the EFSA protocol, which allowed us to assess the DQIs for both the general population and plausible reporters. The majority of the Spanish population had high intakes of SFAs and sugars and low intakes of fiber, folate, and vitamins A and C. In addition, about half of the population had low DQI scores and exhibited low adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern. Overall, older adults (>65–75 years) showed better DQIs than adults (18–64 years), without major differences between men and women. Moreover, primary education and low income were associated with low MDS and ANIBES-DQI scores. For the ANIBES-DQI, the percentage of the population with low scores was higher in the whole population (69.5%) compared with the plausible energy reporters (49.0%), whereas for medium and high scores the percentages were higher in plausible reporters (41.2% vs. 26.2% and 9.8% vs. 4.3%, respectively). In conclusion, the present study adds support to marked changes in the Mediterranean pattern in Spain, and low education and income levels seem to be associated with a low-quality diet. Additionally, the misreported evaluation in the ANIBES population suggests that this analysis should be routinely included in nutrition surveys to give more precise and accurate data related to nutrient intake and diet quality.
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spelling pubmed-68358802019-11-25 Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study Olza, Josune Martínez de Victoria, Emilio Aranceta-Bartrina, Javier González-Gross, Marcela Ortega, Rosa M. Serra-Majem, Lluis Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio Gil, Ángel Nutrients Article Diet is one of the key modifiable behaviors that can help to control and prevent non-communicable chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the overall diet composition of the population through non-invasive and independent indexes or scores as diet quality indexes (DQIs). The primary aim of the present work was to estimate the adequacy of the intake of critical nutrients in the Spanish “Anthropometry, Intake, and Energy Balance Study” (ANIBES) (n = 2285; 9–75 years), considering, as a reference, the European Food Scientific Authority (EFSA) values for nutrients for the European Union. We also assessed the quality of the diet for adults and older adults using four internationally accepted DQIs, namely the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), the Mediterranean Diet Score-modified (MDS-mod), and the Mediterranean-Diet Quality Index (MED-DQI), as well as the ANIBES-DQI, stratified by education and income. The ANIBES-DQI was based on compliance with EFSA and Food and Agriculture Organization recommendations for a selected group of nutrients (i.e., total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), simple sugars, fiber, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin A), with a total range of 0–7. Misreporting was assessed according to the EFSA protocol, which allowed us to assess the DQIs for both the general population and plausible reporters. The majority of the Spanish population had high intakes of SFAs and sugars and low intakes of fiber, folate, and vitamins A and C. In addition, about half of the population had low DQI scores and exhibited low adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern. Overall, older adults (>65–75 years) showed better DQIs than adults (18–64 years), without major differences between men and women. Moreover, primary education and low income were associated with low MDS and ANIBES-DQI scores. For the ANIBES-DQI, the percentage of the population with low scores was higher in the whole population (69.5%) compared with the plausible energy reporters (49.0%), whereas for medium and high scores the percentages were higher in plausible reporters (41.2% vs. 26.2% and 9.8% vs. 4.3%, respectively). In conclusion, the present study adds support to marked changes in the Mediterranean pattern in Spain, and low education and income levels seem to be associated with a low-quality diet. Additionally, the misreported evaluation in the ANIBES population suggests that this analysis should be routinely included in nutrition surveys to give more precise and accurate data related to nutrient intake and diet quality. MDPI 2019-10-01 /pmc/articles/PMC6835880/ /pubmed/31581518 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102328 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Olza, Josune
Martínez de Victoria, Emilio
Aranceta-Bartrina, Javier
González-Gross, Marcela
Ortega, Rosa M.
Serra-Majem, Lluis
Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio
Gil, Ángel
Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study
title Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study
title_full Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study
title_fullStr Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study
title_full_unstemmed Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study
title_short Adequacy of Critical Nutrients Affecting the Quality of the Spanish Diet in the ANIBES Study
title_sort adequacy of critical nutrients affecting the quality of the spanish diet in the anibes study
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835880/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31581518
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102328
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