Investigation of the Cofiring Process of Raw or Torrefied Bamboo and Masson Pine by Using a Cone Calorimeter

[Image: see text] Cofiring characteristics of raw or torrefied bamboo and masson pine blends with different blend ratios were investigated by cone calorimetry, and its ash performance from cofiring was also determined by a YX-HRD testing instrument, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that bamboo and masson pine had the different physicochemical properties. Torrefaction improved fuel performances, resulting in a more stable cofiring process. It also decreased the heat release rate, total heat release, and total suspended particulates of fuels, especially CO(2) and CO release. Masson pine ash mainly included CaO, SiO(2), Fe(2)O(3), K(2)O, and Al(2)O(3). Bamboo ash was mainly composed of K(2)O, SiO(2), MgO, and SO(3). There were different melting temperatures and trends between different samples. The synergistic reaction of ash components was found during the cofiring process. The surface morphology of blend ash changed with the variation of bamboo or masson pine content.