Characterizing the interplay between gene nucleotide composition bias and splicing

BACKGROUND: Nucleotide composition bias plays an important role in the 1D and 3D organization of the human genome. Here, we investigate the potential interplay between nucleotide composition bias and the regulation of exon recognition during splicing. RESULTS: By analyzing dozens of RNA-seq datasets, we identify two groups of splicing factors that activate either about 3200 GC-rich exons or about 4000 AT-rich exons. We show that splicing factor–dependent GC-rich exons have predicted RNA secondary structures at 5′ ss and are dependent on U1 snRNP–associated proteins. In contrast, splicing factor–dependent AT-rich exons have a large number of decoy branch points, SF1- or U2AF2-binding sites and are dependent on U2 snRNP–associated proteins. Nucleotide composition bias also influences local chromatin organization, with consequences for exon recognition during splicing. Interestingly, the GC content of exons correlates with that of their hosting genes, isochores, and topologically associated domains. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that regional nucleotide composition bias over several dozens of kilobase pairs leaves a local footprint at the exon level and induces constraints during splicing that can be alleviated by local chromatin organization at the DNA level and recruitment of specific splicing factors at the RNA level. Therefore, nucleotide composition bias establishes a direct link between genome organization and local regulatory processes, like alternative splicing.