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Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective
The universal second messenger cAMP regulates diverse intracellular processes by interacting with ubiquitously expressed proteins, such as Protein Kinase A (PKA) and the Exchange Protein directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC is implicated in multiple pathologies, thus several EPAC-specific inhibit...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6912387/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31752286 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111462 |
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author | Ahmed, Alveena Boulton, Stephen Shao, Hongzhao Akimoto, Madoka Natarajan, Amarnath Cheng, Xiaodong Melacini, Giuseppe |
author_facet | Ahmed, Alveena Boulton, Stephen Shao, Hongzhao Akimoto, Madoka Natarajan, Amarnath Cheng, Xiaodong Melacini, Giuseppe |
author_sort | Ahmed, Alveena |
collection | PubMed |
description | The universal second messenger cAMP regulates diverse intracellular processes by interacting with ubiquitously expressed proteins, such as Protein Kinase A (PKA) and the Exchange Protein directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC is implicated in multiple pathologies, thus several EPAC-specific inhibitors have been identified in recent years. However, the mechanisms and molecular interactions underlying the EPAC inhibition elicited by such compounds are still poorly understood. Additionally, being hydrophobic low molecular weight species, EPAC-specific inhibitors are prone to forming colloidal aggregates, which result in non-specific aggregation-based inhibition (ABI) in aqueous systems. Here, we review from a biophysical perspective the molecular basis of the specific and non-specific interactions of two EPAC antagonists—CE3F4R, a non-competitive inhibitor, and ESI-09, a competitive inhibitor of EPAC. Additionally, we discuss the value of common ABI attenuators (e.g., TX and HSA) to reduce false positives at the expense of introducing false negatives when screening aggregation-prone compounds. We hope this review provides the EPAC community effective criteria to evaluate similar compounds, aiding in the optimization of existing drug leads, and informing the development of the next generation of EPAC-specific inhibitors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6912387 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69123872020-01-02 Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective Ahmed, Alveena Boulton, Stephen Shao, Hongzhao Akimoto, Madoka Natarajan, Amarnath Cheng, Xiaodong Melacini, Giuseppe Cells Review The universal second messenger cAMP regulates diverse intracellular processes by interacting with ubiquitously expressed proteins, such as Protein Kinase A (PKA) and the Exchange Protein directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC is implicated in multiple pathologies, thus several EPAC-specific inhibitors have been identified in recent years. However, the mechanisms and molecular interactions underlying the EPAC inhibition elicited by such compounds are still poorly understood. Additionally, being hydrophobic low molecular weight species, EPAC-specific inhibitors are prone to forming colloidal aggregates, which result in non-specific aggregation-based inhibition (ABI) in aqueous systems. Here, we review from a biophysical perspective the molecular basis of the specific and non-specific interactions of two EPAC antagonists—CE3F4R, a non-competitive inhibitor, and ESI-09, a competitive inhibitor of EPAC. Additionally, we discuss the value of common ABI attenuators (e.g., TX and HSA) to reduce false positives at the expense of introducing false negatives when screening aggregation-prone compounds. We hope this review provides the EPAC community effective criteria to evaluate similar compounds, aiding in the optimization of existing drug leads, and informing the development of the next generation of EPAC-specific inhibitors. MDPI 2019-11-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6912387/ /pubmed/31752286 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111462 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Ahmed, Alveena Boulton, Stephen Shao, Hongzhao Akimoto, Madoka Natarajan, Amarnath Cheng, Xiaodong Melacini, Giuseppe Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective |
title | Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective |
title_full | Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective |
title_fullStr | Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective |
title_full_unstemmed | Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective |
title_short | Recent Advances in EPAC-Targeted Therapies: A Biophysical Perspective |
title_sort | recent advances in epac-targeted therapies: a biophysical perspective |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6912387/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31752286 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111462 |
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