Novel data-driven, equation-free method captures spatio-temporal patterns of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: Application of dynamic mode decomposition to PET

Most neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive loss of neurons throughout the course of disease in the form of specific spatio-temporal patterns. To capture and quantify these coherent patterns across both space and time, traditionally one would either fit a pre-defined model with spatial and temporal parameters or apply analysis in the spatial and temporal domains separately. In this work, we introduce and validate the use of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), a data-driven multivariate approach, to extract coupled spatio-temporal patterns simultaneously. We apply the method to examine progressive dopaminergic degeneration in 41 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) using [(11)C](±)dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) Positron Emission Tomography (PET). DMD decomposed the progressive dopaminergic changes in the putamen into two orthogonal temporal progression curves associated with distinct spatial patterns: 1) an anterior-posterior gradient, the expression of which decreased gradually with disease progression with a higher initial expression in the less affected side; 2) a dorsal-ventral gradient in the less affected side, which was present in early disease stage only. In the caudate, we found a head-tail gradient analogous to the anterior-posterior gradient seen in the putamen; as in the putamen, the expression of this gradient decreased gradually with disease progression with higher expression in the less affected side. Our results with DTBZ PET data show the applicability and relevance of the proposed method for extracting spatio-temporal patterns of neurotransmitter changes due to neurodegeneration. The method is able to decompose known PD-induced dopaminergic denervation into orthogonal (and thus loosely independent) temporal curves, which may be able to reflect and separate either different mechanisms underlying disease progression and disease initiation, or differential involvement of striatal sub-regions at different disease stages, in a completely data driven way. It is expected that this method can be easily extended to other PET tracers and neurodegenerative disorders and may help to elucidate disease mechanisms in more details compared to traditional approaches.