CO(2)-induced single-crystal to single-crystal transformations of an interpenetrated flexible MOF explained by in situ crystallographic analysis and molecular modeling

A molecular-level investigation is reported on breathing behaviour of a metal–organic framework (1) in response to CO(2) gas pressure. High-pressure gas adsorption shows a pronounced step corresponding to a gate-opening phase transformation from a closed (1(cp)) to a large-pore (1(lp)) form. A plateau is observed upon desorption corresponding to narrow-pore intermediate form 1(np) which does not occur during adsorption. These events are corroborated by pressure-gradient differential scanning calorimetry and in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis under controlled CO(2) gas pressure. Complete crystallographic characterisation facilitated a rationalisation of each phase transformation in the series 1(cp) → 1(lp) → 1(np) → 1(cp) during adsorption and subsequent desorption. Metropolis grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations and DFT-PBE-D3 interaction energy calculations strongly underpin this first detailed structural investigation of an intermediate phase encountered upon desorption.