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Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity
Memory impairment has been shown to be associated with glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity, homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation, and oxidative stress. We hypothesize that Glu and Hcy could damage neuronal cells, while astaxanthin (ATX) could be beneficial to alleviate the adverse effects. Using PC12 cell mod...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6982875/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31948056 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010214 |
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author | Chang, Chi-Huang Chen, Kuan-Chou Liaw, Kuo-Chun Peng, Chiung-Chi Peng, Robert Y. |
author_facet | Chang, Chi-Huang Chen, Kuan-Chou Liaw, Kuo-Chun Peng, Chiung-Chi Peng, Robert Y. |
author_sort | Chang, Chi-Huang |
collection | PubMed |
description | Memory impairment has been shown to be associated with glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity, homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation, and oxidative stress. We hypothesize that Glu and Hcy could damage neuronal cells, while astaxanthin (ATX) could be beneficial to alleviate the adverse effects. Using PC12 cell model, we showed that Glu and Hcy provoked a huge amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, causing mitochondrial damage at EC(50) 20 and 10 mm, respectively. The mechanisms of action include: (1) increasing calcium influx; (2) producing ROS; (3) initiating lipid peroxidation; (4) causing imbalance of the Bcl-2/Bax homeostasis; and (5) activating cascade of caspases involving caspases 12 and 3. Conclusively, the damages caused by Glu and Hcy to PC12 cells can be alleviated by the potent antioxidant ATX. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6982875 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69828752020-02-06 Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity Chang, Chi-Huang Chen, Kuan-Chou Liaw, Kuo-Chun Peng, Chiung-Chi Peng, Robert Y. Molecules Article Memory impairment has been shown to be associated with glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity, homocysteine (Hcy) accumulation, and oxidative stress. We hypothesize that Glu and Hcy could damage neuronal cells, while astaxanthin (ATX) could be beneficial to alleviate the adverse effects. Using PC12 cell model, we showed that Glu and Hcy provoked a huge amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, causing mitochondrial damage at EC(50) 20 and 10 mm, respectively. The mechanisms of action include: (1) increasing calcium influx; (2) producing ROS; (3) initiating lipid peroxidation; (4) causing imbalance of the Bcl-2/Bax homeostasis; and (5) activating cascade of caspases involving caspases 12 and 3. Conclusively, the damages caused by Glu and Hcy to PC12 cells can be alleviated by the potent antioxidant ATX. MDPI 2020-01-05 /pmc/articles/PMC6982875/ /pubmed/31948056 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010214 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Chang, Chi-Huang Chen, Kuan-Chou Liaw, Kuo-Chun Peng, Chiung-Chi Peng, Robert Y. Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity |
title | Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity |
title_full | Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity |
title_fullStr | Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity |
title_full_unstemmed | Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity |
title_short | Astaxanthin Protects PC12 Cells against Homocysteine- and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity |
title_sort | astaxanthin protects pc12 cells against homocysteine- and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6982875/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31948056 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010214 |
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