Tetramer-Based Enrichment of Preexisting Anti-AAV8 CD8(+) T Cells in Human Donors Allows the Detection of a T(EMRA) Subpopulation

Pre-existing immunity to AAV capsid may compromise the safety and efficiency of rAAV-mediated gene transfer in patients. Anti-capsid cytotoxic immune responses have proven to be a challenge to characterize because of the scarcity of circulating AAV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes which can seldom be detected with conventional flow cytometry or ELISpot assays. Here, we used fluorescent MHC class I tetramers combined with magnetic enrichment to detect and phenotype AAV8-specific CD8(+) T cells in human PBMCs without prior amplification. We showed that all healthy individuals tested carried a pool of AAV8-specific CD8(+) T cells with a CD45RA(+) CCR7(−) terminally-differentiated effector memory cell (T(EMRA)) fraction. Ex vivo frequencies of total AAV-specific CD8(+) T cells were not predictive of IFNγ ELISpot responses but interestingly we evidenced a correlation between the proportion of T(EMRA) cells and IFNγ ELISpot positive responses. T(EMRA) cells may then play a role in recombinant AAV-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with preexisting immunity. Overall, our results encourage the development of new methods combining increased detection sensitivity of AAV-specific T cells and their poly-functional assessment to better characterize and monitor AAV capsid-specific cellular immune responses in the perspective of rAAV-mediated clinical trials.