Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation
BACKGROUND: Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional cytokine found upregulated in the brain in the presence of different disorders characterized by neuroinflammation, including neurodegenerative disorders and ischemia. The neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a key seconda...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6990546/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31996236 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-1709-8 |
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author | Takada, Seiya Sakakima, Harutoshi Matsuyama, Takahiro Otsuka, Shotaro Nakanishi, Kazuki Norimatsu, Kosuke Itashiki, Yuki Tani, Akira Kikuchi, Kiyoshi |
author_facet | Takada, Seiya Sakakima, Harutoshi Matsuyama, Takahiro Otsuka, Shotaro Nakanishi, Kazuki Norimatsu, Kosuke Itashiki, Yuki Tani, Akira Kikuchi, Kiyoshi |
author_sort | Takada, Seiya |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional cytokine found upregulated in the brain in the presence of different disorders characterized by neuroinflammation, including neurodegenerative disorders and ischemia. The neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a key secondary injury factor that can result in further neuronal injury. In the present study, we investigated the role of endogenous MK in secondary injury, including neuroinflammation, immune response, and neuronal apoptosis activity, after TBI. METHODS: Wild type (Mdk(+/+)) and MK gene deficient (Mdk(−/−)) mice were subjected to fluid percussion injury for TBI models and compared at 3, 7, and 14 days after TBI, in terms of the following: brain tissue loss, neurological deficits, microglia response, astrocytosis, expression of proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophage phenotype markers, and apoptotic activity. RESULTS: As opposed to Mdk(+/+) mice, Mdk(−/−) mice reported a significantly reduced area of brain tissue loss and an improvement in their neurological deficits. The ratios of the Iba1-immunoreactive microglia/macrophages in the perilesional site were significantly decreased in Mdk(−/−) than in the Mdk(+/+) mice at 3 days after TBI. However, the ratios of the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive area were similar between the two groups. The M1 phenotype marker (CD16/32) immunoreactive areas were significantly reduced in Mdk(−/−) than in the Mdk(+/+) mice. Likewise, the mRNA levels of the M1 phenotype markers (TNF-α, CD11b) were significantly decreased in Mdk(−/−) mice than in Mdk(+/+) mice. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis identified the M2 markers, i.e., CD163(+) macrophages cells and arginase-1(+) microglia cells, to be significantly higher in Mdk(−/−) than in Mdk(+/+) mice. Finally, the ratios of apoptotic neurons were significantly decreased in the area surrounding the lesion in Mdk(−/−) than in Mdk(+/+) mice following TBI. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that MK-deficiency reduced tissue infiltration of microglia/macrophages and altered their polarization status thereby reducing neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and tissue loss and improving neurological outcomes after TBI. Therefore, targeting MK to modulate neuroinflammation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for TBI management. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6990546 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69905462020-02-03 Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation Takada, Seiya Sakakima, Harutoshi Matsuyama, Takahiro Otsuka, Shotaro Nakanishi, Kazuki Norimatsu, Kosuke Itashiki, Yuki Tani, Akira Kikuchi, Kiyoshi J Neuroinflammation Research BACKGROUND: Midkine (MK) is a multifunctional cytokine found upregulated in the brain in the presence of different disorders characterized by neuroinflammation, including neurodegenerative disorders and ischemia. The neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a key secondary injury factor that can result in further neuronal injury. In the present study, we investigated the role of endogenous MK in secondary injury, including neuroinflammation, immune response, and neuronal apoptosis activity, after TBI. METHODS: Wild type (Mdk(+/+)) and MK gene deficient (Mdk(−/−)) mice were subjected to fluid percussion injury for TBI models and compared at 3, 7, and 14 days after TBI, in terms of the following: brain tissue loss, neurological deficits, microglia response, astrocytosis, expression of proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophage phenotype markers, and apoptotic activity. RESULTS: As opposed to Mdk(+/+) mice, Mdk(−/−) mice reported a significantly reduced area of brain tissue loss and an improvement in their neurological deficits. The ratios of the Iba1-immunoreactive microglia/macrophages in the perilesional site were significantly decreased in Mdk(−/−) than in the Mdk(+/+) mice at 3 days after TBI. However, the ratios of the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive area were similar between the two groups. The M1 phenotype marker (CD16/32) immunoreactive areas were significantly reduced in Mdk(−/−) than in the Mdk(+/+) mice. Likewise, the mRNA levels of the M1 phenotype markers (TNF-α, CD11b) were significantly decreased in Mdk(−/−) mice than in Mdk(+/+) mice. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis identified the M2 markers, i.e., CD163(+) macrophages cells and arginase-1(+) microglia cells, to be significantly higher in Mdk(−/−) than in Mdk(+/+) mice. Finally, the ratios of apoptotic neurons were significantly decreased in the area surrounding the lesion in Mdk(−/−) than in Mdk(+/+) mice following TBI. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that MK-deficiency reduced tissue infiltration of microglia/macrophages and altered their polarization status thereby reducing neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and tissue loss and improving neurological outcomes after TBI. Therefore, targeting MK to modulate neuroinflammation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for TBI management. BioMed Central 2020-01-29 /pmc/articles/PMC6990546/ /pubmed/31996236 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-1709-8 Text en © The Author(s). 2020 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Takada, Seiya Sakakima, Harutoshi Matsuyama, Takahiro Otsuka, Shotaro Nakanishi, Kazuki Norimatsu, Kosuke Itashiki, Yuki Tani, Akira Kikuchi, Kiyoshi Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation |
title | Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation |
title_full | Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation |
title_fullStr | Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation |
title_full_unstemmed | Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation |
title_short | Disruption of Midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation |
title_sort | disruption of midkine gene reduces traumatic brain injury through the modulation of neuroinflammation |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6990546/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31996236 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-1709-8 |
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