Cargando…

Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies

This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, meta...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Marta, Szopa, Agnieszka, Ekiert, Halina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7020168/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31963590
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119
_version_ 1783497689041731584
author Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Marta
Szopa, Agnieszka
Ekiert, Halina
author_facet Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Marta
Szopa, Agnieszka
Ekiert, Halina
author_sort Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Marta
collection PubMed
description This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C. limon.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7020168
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-70201682020-03-09 Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Marta Szopa, Agnieszka Ekiert, Halina Plants (Basel) Review This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C. limon. MDPI 2020-01-17 /pmc/articles/PMC7020168/ /pubmed/31963590 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Marta
Szopa, Agnieszka
Ekiert, Halina
Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies
title Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies
title_full Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies
title_fullStr Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies
title_full_unstemmed Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies
title_short Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies
title_sort citrus limon (lemon) phenomenon—a review of the chemistry, pharmacological properties, applications in the modern pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries, and biotechnological studies
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7020168/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31963590
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119
work_keys_str_mv AT klimekszczykutowiczmarta citruslimonlemonphenomenonareviewofthechemistrypharmacologicalpropertiesapplicationsinthemodernpharmaceuticalfoodandcosmeticsindustriesandbiotechnologicalstudies
AT szopaagnieszka citruslimonlemonphenomenonareviewofthechemistrypharmacologicalpropertiesapplicationsinthemodernpharmaceuticalfoodandcosmeticsindustriesandbiotechnologicalstudies
AT ekierthalina citruslimonlemonphenomenonareviewofthechemistrypharmacologicalpropertiesapplicationsinthemodernpharmaceuticalfoodandcosmeticsindustriesandbiotechnologicalstudies