Analysis of Longitudinal‐Ordered Categorical Data for Muscle Spasm Adverse Event of Vismodegib: Comparison Between Different Pharmacometric Models

Longitudinal‐ordered categorical data, common in clinical trials, can be effectively analyzed with nonlinear mixed effect models. In this article, we systematically evaluated the performance of three different models in longitudinal muscle spasm adverse event (AE) data obtained from a clinical trial for vismodegib: a proportional odds (PO) model, a discrete‐time Markov model, and a continuous‐time Markov model. All models developed based on weekly spaced data can reasonably capture the proportion of AE grade over time; however, the PO model overpredicted the transition frequency between grades and the cumulative probability of AEs. The influence of data frequency (daily, weekly, or unevenly spaced) was also investigated. The PO model performance reduced with increased data frequency, and the discrete‐time Markov model failed to describe unevenly spaced data, but the continuous‐time Markov model performed consistently well. Clinical trial simulations were conducted to illustrate the muscle spasm resolution time profile during the 8‐week dose interruption period after 12 weeks of continuous treatment.