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The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses
The occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of 16 mycotoxins, 6 biogenic amines (BAs), and 13 metallic elements in blue-veined cheeses (n = 46) is reported. Co-occurrence of mycophenolic acid (≤599 µg·kg(−1)) with roquefortine C (≤5454 µg·kg(−1)) was observed in 63% of the tested cheeses, while B...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023506/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31963130 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010093 |
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author | Reinholds, Ingars Rusko, Janis Pugajeva, Iveta Berzina, Zane Jansons, Martins Kirilina-Gutmane, Olga Tihomirova, Kristina Bartkevics, Vadims |
author_facet | Reinholds, Ingars Rusko, Janis Pugajeva, Iveta Berzina, Zane Jansons, Martins Kirilina-Gutmane, Olga Tihomirova, Kristina Bartkevics, Vadims |
author_sort | Reinholds, Ingars |
collection | PubMed |
description | The occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of 16 mycotoxins, 6 biogenic amines (BAs), and 13 metallic elements in blue-veined cheeses (n = 46) is reported. Co-occurrence of mycophenolic acid (≤599 µg·kg(−1)) with roquefortine C (≤5454 µg·kg(−1)) was observed in 63% of the tested cheeses, while BAs were frequently present at concentrations between 0.2 and 717 mg kg(−1). The concentrations of heavy metals in cheeses were very low. Chronic/acute exposure assessment based on consumption data from different European populations indicated that the levels of mycotoxins and heavy metals are safe to consumers, whereas, rather high hazard indexes (HI up to 0.77) were determined for BAs according to the worst-case scenario based on high consumption and 95th percentile occurrence. A more detailed acute dietary intake study indicated that histamine and tyramine were predominant among these BAs, reaching 27 and 41% of the acute oral intake reference doses. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7023506 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70235062020-03-12 The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses Reinholds, Ingars Rusko, Janis Pugajeva, Iveta Berzina, Zane Jansons, Martins Kirilina-Gutmane, Olga Tihomirova, Kristina Bartkevics, Vadims Foods Article The occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of 16 mycotoxins, 6 biogenic amines (BAs), and 13 metallic elements in blue-veined cheeses (n = 46) is reported. Co-occurrence of mycophenolic acid (≤599 µg·kg(−1)) with roquefortine C (≤5454 µg·kg(−1)) was observed in 63% of the tested cheeses, while BAs were frequently present at concentrations between 0.2 and 717 mg kg(−1). The concentrations of heavy metals in cheeses were very low. Chronic/acute exposure assessment based on consumption data from different European populations indicated that the levels of mycotoxins and heavy metals are safe to consumers, whereas, rather high hazard indexes (HI up to 0.77) were determined for BAs according to the worst-case scenario based on high consumption and 95th percentile occurrence. A more detailed acute dietary intake study indicated that histamine and tyramine were predominant among these BAs, reaching 27 and 41% of the acute oral intake reference doses. MDPI 2020-01-16 /pmc/articles/PMC7023506/ /pubmed/31963130 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010093 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Reinholds, Ingars Rusko, Janis Pugajeva, Iveta Berzina, Zane Jansons, Martins Kirilina-Gutmane, Olga Tihomirova, Kristina Bartkevics, Vadims The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses |
title | The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses |
title_full | The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses |
title_fullStr | The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses |
title_full_unstemmed | The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses |
title_short | The Occurrence and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins, Biogenic Amines, and Heavy Metals in Mould-Ripened Blue Cheeses |
title_sort | occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of mycotoxins, biogenic amines, and heavy metals in mould-ripened blue cheeses |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023506/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31963130 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010093 |
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