Accurate inference of the full base-pairing structure of RNA by deep mutational scanning and covariation-induced deviation of activity

Despite the large number of noncoding RNAs in human genome and their roles in many diseases include cancer, we know very little about them due to lack of structural clues. The centerpiece of the structural clues is the full RNA base-pairing structure of secondary and tertiary contacts that can be precisely obtained only from costly and time-consuming 3D structure determination. Here, we performed deep mutational scanning of self-cleaving CPEB3 ribozyme by error-prone PCR and showed that a library of <5 × 10(4) single-to-triple mutants is sufficient to infer 25 of 26 base pairs including non-nested, nonhelical, and noncanonical base pairs with both sensitivity and precision at 96%. Such accurate inference was further confirmed by a twister ribozyme at 100% precision with only noncanonical base pairs as false negatives. The performance was resulted from analyzing covariation-induced deviation of activity by utilizing both functional and nonfunctional variants for unsupervised classification, followed by Monte Carlo (MC) simulated annealing with mutation-derived scores. Highly accurate inference can also be obtained by combining MC with evolution/direct coupling analysis, R-scape or epistasis analysis. The results highlight the usefulness of deep mutational scanning for high-accuracy structural inference of self-cleaving ribozymes with implications for other structured RNAs that permit high-throughput functional selections.