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Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate race-ethnic and gender disparities in National Health Service (NHS) England employment in position, prestige and pay. DESIGN: National study using data from NHS Digital. SETTING: Trusts and clinical commissioning groups in England. PARTICIPANTS: 1 105 390 NHS Hospital and Com...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32060158 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034258 |
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author | Milner, Adrienne Baker, Elizabeth Jeraj, Samir Butt, Jabeer |
author_facet | Milner, Adrienne Baker, Elizabeth Jeraj, Samir Butt, Jabeer |
author_sort | Milner, Adrienne |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: To evaluate race-ethnic and gender disparities in National Health Service (NHS) England employment in position, prestige and pay. DESIGN: National study using data from NHS Digital. SETTING: Trusts and clinical commissioning groups in England. PARTICIPANTS: 1 105 390 NHS Hospital and Community Health Service staff. RESULTS: Chinese people (42.9%, 95% CI 41.7% to 44.1%) are the most likely to be employed as doctors, followed by Asians (28.6%, 95% CI 28.3% to 28.8%) and people of mixed race/ethnicity (17.9%, 95% CI 17.3% to 18.4%); while white people (6.8%, 95% CI 6.7% to 6.8%) are less likely to be employed as doctors. However, white doctors are the most likely to be in the highest paid positions: 46.0% (95% CI 45.6% to 46.4%) of white doctors are consultants, whereas only 33.4% (95% CI 31.6% to 35.2%) of Chinese doctors are consultants. Black people are under-represented both among doctors and as consultants: 6.5% (95% CI 6.4% to 6.7%) of black employees are doctors and 30.6% (95% CI 29.2% to 32.0%) of black doctors are consultants. We found similar results for nurses and health visitors, where white people are over-represented in the higher pay bands. However, among support staff for doctors, nurses and midwives, we found that Chinese people were over-represented in the higher pay bands. These race-ethnic differences were similar for women and men. Additionally, we found that men were more likely to be employed in higher pay bands than women, and this gender disparity was apparent across race-ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Race-ethnic and gender disparities exist in the NHS in position, prestige and pay. To begin to overcome such disparities, the NHS must collect data using consistent race-ethnic categories in order to examine differences over time. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7044822 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70448222020-03-09 Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis Milner, Adrienne Baker, Elizabeth Jeraj, Samir Butt, Jabeer BMJ Open Public Health OBJECTIVES: To evaluate race-ethnic and gender disparities in National Health Service (NHS) England employment in position, prestige and pay. DESIGN: National study using data from NHS Digital. SETTING: Trusts and clinical commissioning groups in England. PARTICIPANTS: 1 105 390 NHS Hospital and Community Health Service staff. RESULTS: Chinese people (42.9%, 95% CI 41.7% to 44.1%) are the most likely to be employed as doctors, followed by Asians (28.6%, 95% CI 28.3% to 28.8%) and people of mixed race/ethnicity (17.9%, 95% CI 17.3% to 18.4%); while white people (6.8%, 95% CI 6.7% to 6.8%) are less likely to be employed as doctors. However, white doctors are the most likely to be in the highest paid positions: 46.0% (95% CI 45.6% to 46.4%) of white doctors are consultants, whereas only 33.4% (95% CI 31.6% to 35.2%) of Chinese doctors are consultants. Black people are under-represented both among doctors and as consultants: 6.5% (95% CI 6.4% to 6.7%) of black employees are doctors and 30.6% (95% CI 29.2% to 32.0%) of black doctors are consultants. We found similar results for nurses and health visitors, where white people are over-represented in the higher pay bands. However, among support staff for doctors, nurses and midwives, we found that Chinese people were over-represented in the higher pay bands. These race-ethnic differences were similar for women and men. Additionally, we found that men were more likely to be employed in higher pay bands than women, and this gender disparity was apparent across race-ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Race-ethnic and gender disparities exist in the NHS in position, prestige and pay. To begin to overcome such disparities, the NHS must collect data using consistent race-ethnic categories in order to examine differences over time. BMJ Publishing Group 2020-02-14 /pmc/articles/PMC7044822/ /pubmed/32060158 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034258 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Milner, Adrienne Baker, Elizabeth Jeraj, Samir Butt, Jabeer Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis |
title | Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis |
title_full | Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis |
title_fullStr | Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis |
title_short | Race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the English National Health Service: a quantitative analysis |
title_sort | race-ethnic and gender differences in representation within the english national health service: a quantitative analysis |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32060158 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034258 |
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