Characterization of human cancer xenografts in humanized mice

BACKGROUND: Preclinical evaluation of drugs targeting the human immune system has posed challenges for oncology researchers. Since the commercial introduction of humanized mice, antitumor efficacy and pharmacodynamic studies can now be performed with human cancer cells within mice bearing components of a human immune system. However, development and characterization of these models is necessary to understand which model may be best suited for different agents. METHODS: We characterized A375, A549, Caki-1, H1299, H1975, HCC827, HCT116, KU-19–19, MDA-MB-231, and RKO human cancer cell xenografts in CD34(+) humanized non-obese diabetic-scid gamma mice for tumor growth rate, immune cell profiling, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and response to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Immune cell profiling was performed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Antitumor response of humanized xenograft models to PD-L1 therapy was performed using atezolizumab. RESULTS: We found that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell composition in both the spleen and tumor varied among models, with A375, Caki-1, MDA-MB-231, and HCC827 containing higher intratumoral frequencies of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of CD45(+) cells compared with other models. We demonstrate that levels of immune cell infiltrate within each model are strongly influenced by the tumor and not the stem cell donor. Many of the tumor models showed an abundance of myeloid cells, B cells and dendritic cells. RKO and MDA-MB-231 tumors contained the highest expression of PD-L1(+) tumor cells. The antitumor response of the models to atezolizumab was positively associated with the level of CD4(+) and CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that there are tumor-intrinsic factors that influence the immune cell repertoire within tumors and spleen, and that TIL frequencies are a key factor in determining response to anti-PD-L1 in tumor xenografts in humanized mice. These data may also aid in the selection of tumor models to test antitumor activity of novel immuno-oncology or tumor-directed agents.