Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province
Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in th...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2020
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313016/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32517338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067 |
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author | Vumazonke, Sesethu Khamanga, Sandile Maswazi Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe Patience |
author_facet | Vumazonke, Sesethu Khamanga, Sandile Maswazi Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe Patience |
author_sort | Vumazonke, Sesethu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge. The percentage recovery after sample clean-up on SPE was 103% ± 6.9%. This was followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The detected analytes were sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin and carbamazepine. Carbamazepine and erythromycin were detected in high concentrations ranging from 81.8 to 36,576.2 ng/L and 11.2 to 11,800 ng/L respectively, while clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole were detected at moderate concentrations ranging from 4.8 to 3280.4 ng/L and 6.6 to 6968 ng/L, respectively. High concentrations of pharmaceuticals were detected on the lower-stream sites as compared to upper-stream sites. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7313016 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73130162020-06-29 Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province Vumazonke, Sesethu Khamanga, Sandile Maswazi Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe Patience Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge. The percentage recovery after sample clean-up on SPE was 103% ± 6.9%. This was followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The detected analytes were sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin and carbamazepine. Carbamazepine and erythromycin were detected in high concentrations ranging from 81.8 to 36,576.2 ng/L and 11.2 to 11,800 ng/L respectively, while clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole were detected at moderate concentrations ranging from 4.8 to 3280.4 ng/L and 6.6 to 6968 ng/L, respectively. High concentrations of pharmaceuticals were detected on the lower-stream sites as compared to upper-stream sites. MDPI 2020-06-07 2020-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7313016/ /pubmed/32517338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Vumazonke, Sesethu Khamanga, Sandile Maswazi Ngqwala, Nosiphiwe Patience Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province |
title | Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province |
title_full | Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province |
title_fullStr | Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province |
title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province |
title_short | Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province |
title_sort | detection of pharmaceutical residues in surface waters of the eastern cape province |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313016/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32517338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114067 |
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