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Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables

The absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work...

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Autores principales: Aresta, Antonella, Milani, Gualtiero, Clodoveo, Maria Lisa, Franchini, Carlo, Cotugno, Pietro, Radojcic Redovnikovic, Ivana, Quinto, Maurizio, Corbo, Filomena, Zambonin, Carlo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7321086/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32481534
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112509
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author Aresta, Antonella
Milani, Gualtiero
Clodoveo, Maria Lisa
Franchini, Carlo
Cotugno, Pietro
Radojcic Redovnikovic, Ivana
Quinto, Maurizio
Corbo, Filomena
Zambonin, Carlo
author_facet Aresta, Antonella
Milani, Gualtiero
Clodoveo, Maria Lisa
Franchini, Carlo
Cotugno, Pietro
Radojcic Redovnikovic, Ivana
Quinto, Maurizio
Corbo, Filomena
Zambonin, Carlo
author_sort Aresta, Antonella
collection PubMed
description The absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work, the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, phylloquinone, and menaquinone-4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been optimized using both direct injection and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Three different sample pre-treatment approaches based on: (A) solid–liquid–liquid–liquid extraction (SLE–LLE), (B) SLE, and (C) SPME were then applied to extract the target analytes from vegetables samples using menaquinone as internal standard. All the procedures allowed the determination of the target analytes in onion, carrot, celery, and curly kale samples. Similar results were obtained with the three different approaches, even if the one based on SPME offers the best performance, together with a reduced use of solvent, time consumption, and experimental complexity, which makes it the preferable option for industrial applications.
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spelling pubmed-73210862020-07-06 Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables Aresta, Antonella Milani, Gualtiero Clodoveo, Maria Lisa Franchini, Carlo Cotugno, Pietro Radojcic Redovnikovic, Ivana Quinto, Maurizio Corbo, Filomena Zambonin, Carlo Molecules Article The absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work, the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, phylloquinone, and menaquinone-4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been optimized using both direct injection and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Three different sample pre-treatment approaches based on: (A) solid–liquid–liquid–liquid extraction (SLE–LLE), (B) SLE, and (C) SPME were then applied to extract the target analytes from vegetables samples using menaquinone as internal standard. All the procedures allowed the determination of the target analytes in onion, carrot, celery, and curly kale samples. Similar results were obtained with the three different approaches, even if the one based on SPME offers the best performance, together with a reduced use of solvent, time consumption, and experimental complexity, which makes it the preferable option for industrial applications. MDPI 2020-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC7321086/ /pubmed/32481534 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112509 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Aresta, Antonella
Milani, Gualtiero
Clodoveo, Maria Lisa
Franchini, Carlo
Cotugno, Pietro
Radojcic Redovnikovic, Ivana
Quinto, Maurizio
Corbo, Filomena
Zambonin, Carlo
Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables
title Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables
title_full Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables
title_fullStr Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables
title_full_unstemmed Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables
title_short Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables
title_sort development, optimization, and comparison of different sample pre-treatments for simultaneous determination of vitamin e and vitamin k in vegetables
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7321086/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32481534
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112509
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