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Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals
T lymphocytes are the principal actors of vertebrates’ cell-mediated immunity. Like B cells, they can recognize an unlimited number of foreign molecules through their antigen-specific heterodimer receptors (TRs), which consist of αβ or γδ chains. The diversity of the TRs is mainly due to the unique...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7349638/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32517024 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060624 |
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author | Antonacci, Rachele Massari, Serafina Linguiti, Giovanna Caputi Jambrenghi, Anna Giannico, Francesco Lefranc, Marie-Paule Ciccarese, Salvatrice |
author_facet | Antonacci, Rachele Massari, Serafina Linguiti, Giovanna Caputi Jambrenghi, Anna Giannico, Francesco Lefranc, Marie-Paule Ciccarese, Salvatrice |
author_sort | Antonacci, Rachele |
collection | PubMed |
description | T lymphocytes are the principal actors of vertebrates’ cell-mediated immunity. Like B cells, they can recognize an unlimited number of foreign molecules through their antigen-specific heterodimer receptors (TRs), which consist of αβ or γδ chains. The diversity of the TRs is mainly due to the unique organization of the genes encoding the α, β, γ, and δ chains. For each chain, multi-gene families are arranged in a TR locus, and their expression is guaranteed by the somatic recombination process. A great plasticity of the gene organization within the TR loci exists among species. Marked structural differences affect the TR γ (TRG) locus. The recent sequencing of multiple whole genome provides an opportunity to examine the TR gene repertoire in a systematic and consistent fashion. In this review, we report the most recent findings on the genomic organization of TRG loci in mammalian species in order to show differences and similarities. The comparison revealed remarkable diversification of both the genomic organization and gene repertoire across species, but also unexpected evolutionary conservation, which highlights the important role of the T cells in the immune response. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7349638 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-73496382020-07-15 Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals Antonacci, Rachele Massari, Serafina Linguiti, Giovanna Caputi Jambrenghi, Anna Giannico, Francesco Lefranc, Marie-Paule Ciccarese, Salvatrice Genes (Basel) Review T lymphocytes are the principal actors of vertebrates’ cell-mediated immunity. Like B cells, they can recognize an unlimited number of foreign molecules through their antigen-specific heterodimer receptors (TRs), which consist of αβ or γδ chains. The diversity of the TRs is mainly due to the unique organization of the genes encoding the α, β, γ, and δ chains. For each chain, multi-gene families are arranged in a TR locus, and their expression is guaranteed by the somatic recombination process. A great plasticity of the gene organization within the TR loci exists among species. Marked structural differences affect the TR γ (TRG) locus. The recent sequencing of multiple whole genome provides an opportunity to examine the TR gene repertoire in a systematic and consistent fashion. In this review, we report the most recent findings on the genomic organization of TRG loci in mammalian species in order to show differences and similarities. The comparison revealed remarkable diversification of both the genomic organization and gene repertoire across species, but also unexpected evolutionary conservation, which highlights the important role of the T cells in the immune response. MDPI 2020-06-05 /pmc/articles/PMC7349638/ /pubmed/32517024 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060624 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Antonacci, Rachele Massari, Serafina Linguiti, Giovanna Caputi Jambrenghi, Anna Giannico, Francesco Lefranc, Marie-Paule Ciccarese, Salvatrice Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals |
title | Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals |
title_full | Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals |
title_fullStr | Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals |
title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals |
title_short | Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals |
title_sort | evolution of the t-cell receptor (tr) loci in the adaptive immune response: the tale of the trg locus in mammals |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7349638/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32517024 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060624 |
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