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Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels

Bitterness in almonds is controlled by a single gene (Sk dominant for sweet kernel, sk recessive for bitter kernel) and the proportions of the offspring genotypes (SkSk, Sksk, sksk) depend on the progenitors’ genotype. Currently, the latter is deduced after crossing by recording the phenotype of the...

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Autores principales: Vichi, Stefania, Mayer, Morgana N., León-Cárdenas, Maria G., Quintanilla-Casas, Beatriz, Tres, Alba, Guardiola, Francesc, Batlle, Ignasi, Romero, Agustí
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7353606/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32516989
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060747
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author Vichi, Stefania
Mayer, Morgana N.
León-Cárdenas, Maria G.
Quintanilla-Casas, Beatriz
Tres, Alba
Guardiola, Francesc
Batlle, Ignasi
Romero, Agustí
author_facet Vichi, Stefania
Mayer, Morgana N.
León-Cárdenas, Maria G.
Quintanilla-Casas, Beatriz
Tres, Alba
Guardiola, Francesc
Batlle, Ignasi
Romero, Agustí
author_sort Vichi, Stefania
collection PubMed
description Bitterness in almonds is controlled by a single gene (Sk dominant for sweet kernel, sk recessive for bitter kernel) and the proportions of the offspring genotypes (SkSk, Sksk, sksk) depend on the progenitors’ genotype. Currently, the latter is deduced after crossing by recording the phenotype of their descendants through kernel tasting. Chemical markers to early identify parental genotypes related to bitter traits can significantly enhance the efficiency of almond breeding programs. On this basis, volatile metabolites related to almond bitterness were investigated by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry coupled to univariate and multivariate statistics on 244 homo- and heterozygous samples from 42 different cultivars. This study evidenced the association between sweet almonds’ genotype and some volatile metabolites, in particular benzaldehyde, and provided for the first time chemical markers to discriminate between homo- and heterozygous sweet almond genotypes. Furthermore, a multivariate approach based on independent variables was developed to increase the reliability of almond classification. The Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis classification model built with selected volatile metabolites that showed discrimination capacity allowed a 98.0% correct classification. The metabolites identified, in particular benzaldehyde, become suitable markers for the early genotype identification in almonds, while a DNA molecular marker is not yet available.
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spelling pubmed-73536062020-07-21 Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels Vichi, Stefania Mayer, Morgana N. León-Cárdenas, Maria G. Quintanilla-Casas, Beatriz Tres, Alba Guardiola, Francesc Batlle, Ignasi Romero, Agustí Foods Article Bitterness in almonds is controlled by a single gene (Sk dominant for sweet kernel, sk recessive for bitter kernel) and the proportions of the offspring genotypes (SkSk, Sksk, sksk) depend on the progenitors’ genotype. Currently, the latter is deduced after crossing by recording the phenotype of their descendants through kernel tasting. Chemical markers to early identify parental genotypes related to bitter traits can significantly enhance the efficiency of almond breeding programs. On this basis, volatile metabolites related to almond bitterness were investigated by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry coupled to univariate and multivariate statistics on 244 homo- and heterozygous samples from 42 different cultivars. This study evidenced the association between sweet almonds’ genotype and some volatile metabolites, in particular benzaldehyde, and provided for the first time chemical markers to discriminate between homo- and heterozygous sweet almond genotypes. Furthermore, a multivariate approach based on independent variables was developed to increase the reliability of almond classification. The Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis classification model built with selected volatile metabolites that showed discrimination capacity allowed a 98.0% correct classification. The metabolites identified, in particular benzaldehyde, become suitable markers for the early genotype identification in almonds, while a DNA molecular marker is not yet available. MDPI 2020-06-05 /pmc/articles/PMC7353606/ /pubmed/32516989 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060747 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Vichi, Stefania
Mayer, Morgana N.
León-Cárdenas, Maria G.
Quintanilla-Casas, Beatriz
Tres, Alba
Guardiola, Francesc
Batlle, Ignasi
Romero, Agustí
Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels
title Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels
title_full Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels
title_fullStr Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels
title_full_unstemmed Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels
title_short Chemical Markers to Distinguish the Homo- and Heterozygous Bitter Genotype in Sweet Almond Kernels
title_sort chemical markers to distinguish the homo- and heterozygous bitter genotype in sweet almond kernels
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7353606/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32516989
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060747
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