Defective HIV-1 envelope gene promotes the evolution of the infectious strain through recombination in vitro

BACKGROUND: HIV-1 produces defective mutants in the process of reproduction. The significance of the mutants has not been well investigated. METHODS: The plasmids of wild type (HIV-1(NL4–3)) and Env-defective (HIV-1(SG3)(ΔEnv)) HIV-1 were co-transfected into HEK293T cells. The progeny virus was collected to infect MT4 cells. The env gene and near-full-length genome (NFLG) of HIV-1 were amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic diversity, recombinant patterns and hotspots, and the functionality of HIV-1 Env were determined. RESULTS: A total of 42 env genes and 8 NFLGs were successfully amplified and sequenced. Five types of recombinant patterns of env were identified and the same recombinant sites were detected in different patterns. The recombination hotspots were found distributing mainly in conservative regions of env. The recombination between genes of HIV-1(NL4–3) and HIV-1(SG3)(Δenv) increased the variety of viral quasispecies and resulted in progeny viruses with relative lower infectious ability than that of HIV(NL4–3). The defective env genes as well as NFLG could be detected after 20 passages. CONCLUSION: The existence of the defective HIV-1 promotes the phylogenetic evolution of the virus, thus increasing the diversity of virus population. The role of defective genes may be converted from junk genes to useful materials and cannot be neglected in the study of HIV-1 reservoir.