Molecular Insights of Copper Sulfate Exposure-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Involvement of Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways

The precise pathogenic mechanism in Cu exposure-cause nephrotoxicity remains unclear. This study investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of copper sulfate (CuSO(4))-induced nephrotoxicity. Mice were treated with CuSO(4) at 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day or co-treated with CuSO(4) (200 mg/kg/day) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, 100 mg/kg/day) for 28 consecutive days. HEK293 cells were treated with CuSO(4) (400 μM) with or without superoxide dismutase, catalase or 4-PBA for 24 h. Results showed that CuSO(4) exposure can cause renal dysfunction and tubular necrosis in the kidney tissues of mice. CuSO(4) exposure up-regulated the activities and mRNA expression of caspases-9 and -3 as well as the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), GRP94, DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153/CHOP), caspase-12 mRNAs in the kidney tissues. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase and catalase pre-treatments partly inhibited CuSO(4)-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activities of caspases-9 and -3 and DNA fragmentations in HEK293 cells. 4-PBA co-treatment significantly improved CuSO(4)-induced cytotoxicity in HEK293 cells and inhibited CuSO(4) exposure-induced renal dysfunction and pathology damage in the kidney tissues. In conclusion, our results reveal that oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress contribute to CuSO(4)-induced nephrotoxicity. Our study highlights that targeting endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress may offer an approach for Cu overload-caused nephrotoxicity.