Probing the Structure–Function relationship and amyloidogenic propensities in natural variants of apolipoprotein A-I

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) protects against atherosclerosis and participates in the removal of excess cellular cholesterol from peripheral organs. Several naturally occurring apoA-I mutations are associated with familial systemic amyloidosis, with deposition of amyloid aggregates in peripheral organs, resulting in multiple organ failure. Systematic studies on naturally occurring variants are needed to delineate their roles and involvement in pathogenesis. METHODS: We performed a comparative structure–function analysis of five naturally occurring apoA-I variants and the wild-type protein. Circular dichroism, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thioflavin T and congo red fluorescence assays, thermal, chemical, and proteolytic stability assays, and 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine clearance analyses were used to assess the effects of mutations on the structure, function, stability, aggregation, and proteolytic susceptibility of the proteins to explore the mechanisms underlying amyloidosis and hypercholesterolemia. RESULTS: We observed structural changes in the mutants independent of fibril formation, suggesting the influence of the surrounding environment. The mutants were involved in aggregate formation to varying degree; L170P, R173P, and V156E showed an increased propensity to aggregate under different physiological conditions. β sheet formation indicates that L170P and R173P participate in amyloid formation. Compared to WT, V156E and L170P exhibited higher capacity for lipid clearance. CONCLUSIONS: The selected point mutations, including those outside the hot spot regions of apoA-I structure, perturb the physiochemical and conformational behavior of the protein, influencing its function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The study provides insights into the structure–function relationships of naturally occurring apoA-I variants outside the hot spot mutation sites.