Allopregnanolone Enhances GABAergic Inhibition in Spinal Motor Networks

The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) causes unconsciousness by allosteric modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors, but its actions on the spinal motor networks are unknown. We are therefore testing the hypothesis that ALLO attenuates the action potential firing of spinal interneurons and motoneurons predominantly via enhancing tonic, but not synaptic GABAergic inhibition. We used video microscopy to assess motoneuron-evoked muscle activity in organotypic slice cultures prepared from the spinal cord and muscle tissue. Furthermore, we monitored GABA(A) receptor-mediated currents by performing whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings. We found that ALLO (100 nM) reduced the action potential firing of spinal interneurons by 27% and that of α-motoneurons by 33%. The inhibitory effects of the combination of propofol (1 µM) and ALLO on motoneuron-induced muscle contractions were additive. Moreover, ALLO evoked a tonic, GABA(A) receptor-mediated current (amplitude: 41 pA), without increasing phasic GABAergic transmission. Since we previously showed that at a clinically relevant concentration of 1 µM propofol enhanced phasic, but not tonic GABAergic inhibition, we conclude that ALLO and propofol target distinct subpopulations of GABA(A) receptors. These findings provide first evidence that the combined application of ALLO and propofol may help to reduce intraoperative movements and undesired side effects that are frequently observed under total intravenous anesthesia.